Editing Small caps (section)

== History ==
[[File:F16-0050 (33360746031).jpg|thumb|Small caps used by [[Johann Froben]] in the 1516 ''{{lang|la|[[Novum Instrumentum omne|Novum instrumentum]]}}'']]
Research by Margaret M. Smith concluded that the use of small caps was probably popularised by [[Johann Froben]] in the early 16th century, who used them extensively from 1516.<ref name="Smith JPHS" /> Froben may have been influenced by [[Aldus Manutius]], who used very small capitals with printing [[Greek alphabet|Greek]] and at the start of lines of italic, copying a style common in manuscripts at the time, and sometimes used these capitals to set headings in his printing; as a result these headings were in all caps, but in capitals from a smaller font than the body text type.<ref name="Smith JPHS" /> The idea caught on in France, where small capitals were used by [[Simon de Colines]], [[Robert Estienne]] and [[Claude Garamond]].<ref name="Smith JPHS" /><ref name="Carter Ampersand 9.3" /><ref name="Vervliet Palaeotypography">{{Cite book |last=Vervliet |first=Hendrik D. L. |author-link=H. D. L. Vervliet |title=The Palaeotypography of the French Renaissance: selected papers on sixteenth-century typefaces |date=2008 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-041-6982-1 |location=Leiden |pages=36, 47, 52, 71, 75, 79, 202}}</ref> [[Johannes Philippus de Lignamine]] used small caps in the 1470s, but apparently was not copied at the time.<ref name="Smith JPHS" /><ref name="Carter Smith BPHS Letters">{{Cite journal |last1=Carter |first1=Matthew |last2=Smith |first2=Margaret M. |title=Letters |journal=Bulletin of the Printing Historical Society}}</ref><ref name="Carter Ampersand 9.3">{{Cite journal |last=Carter |first=Matthew |year=1989 |title=Letters to the Editor |journal=The Ampersand |volume=9 |issue=3 |page=2}}</ref>

Small capitals are not found in all font designs, as traditionally in printing they were primarily used within the [[body text]] of books and so are often not found in fonts that are not intended for this purpose, such as [[sans-serif]] types which historically were not preferred for book printing.<ref name="The Evolution of Metro and its Reimagination as Metro Nova">{{Cite web |last=Shaw |first=Paul |title=The Evolution of Metro and its Reimagination as Metro Nova |url=http://typographica.org/on-typography/the-evolution-of-metro-its-reimagination-as-metro-nova/ |access-date=21 December 2016 |website=Typographica}}</ref> ''Fonts in Use'' reports that [[:de:Gert Wunderlich (Typograf)|Gert Wunderlich]]'s Maxima (1970), for [[Typoart]], was "maybe the first sans serif to feature small caps and optional [[oldstyle numerals]] across all weights."<ref name="FIU Maxima">{{Cite web |title=Maxima |url=https://fontsinuse.com/typefaces/1843/maxima |access-date=6 October 2020 |website=Fonts in Use}}</ref> (Some caps-only typefaces intended for printing stationery, for instance [[Copperplate Gothic]] and [[Bank Gothic]], were intended to be used with smaller sizes serving as small capitals, and had no lower case as a result.<ref name="McGrew">{{Cite book |last=McGrew |first=Mac |title=American Metal Typefaces of the Twentieth Century |year=1993 |publisher=Oak Knoll |isbn=0-938-76834-4 |edition=2nd |pages=22–23, 258–259}}</ref><ref name="ATF 1923">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/1923AmericanTypeFoundersSpecimenBookCatalogue |title=Specimen Book and Catalogue |year=1923 |publisher=[[American Type Founders]] |location=Jersey City, NJ |pages=334–349, 389–396 |access-date=8 October 2020}}</ref>)

Italic small capitals were historically rarer than roman small caps. Some digital font families, sometimes digitisations of older metal type designs, still only have small caps in roman style and do not have small caps in bold or italic styles.<ref name="Design Dialogues">{{Cite web |last=Heller |first=Steven |author-link=Steven Heller (design writer) |title=Jonathan Hoefler on type design |url=http://www.hellerbooks.com/docs/interviews_dialogues.html |access-date=2 August 2016 |website=Design Dialogues}}</ref><ref name="Gilbertson Small caps">{{Cite web |last=Gilbertson |first=Alan |date=21 May 2015 |title=The Incredible Shrinking Italic Small Caps |url=https://indesignsecrets.com/the-incredible-shrinking-italic-small-caps.php |access-date=21 September 2020 |website=InDesign Secrets}}</ref> This is again because small caps were normally only used in [[body text]] and cutting bold and italic small caps was thought unnecessary. An isolated early appearance was in the [[Joh. Enschedé|Enschedé]] type foundry specimen of 1768, which featured a set cut by [[Joan Michaël Fleischman]],<ref name="Enschedé specimen reprint">{{Cite book |last1=Enschedé |first1=Johannes |title=The Enschedé type specimens of 1768 and 1773: a facsimile |last2=Lane |first2=John A. |author-link2=John A. Lane |year=1993 |publisher=Stichting Museum Enschedé, the Enschedé Font Foundry, Uitgeverij De Buitenkant |isbn=9-070-38658-5 |page=63}}</ref><ref name="Enschedé 1768 specimen">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ww1NAAAAcAAJ |title=Proef van letteren, welke gegooten worden in de nieuwe Haerlemsche Lettergietery van J. Enschedé |year=1768 |publisher=J. Enschedé |location=Haarlem |access-date=3 June 2020|language=nl}}</ref> and in 1837 Thomas Adams commented that in the United States "small capitals are in general only cast to roman fonts" but that "some founders in England cast italic small capitals to most, if not the whole of their fonts."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Adams |first=Thomas F. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7ME9AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA67 |title=Typographia: A Brief Sketch of the Origin, Rise, and Progress of the Typographic Art: with Practical Directions for Conducting Every Department in an Office |year=1837 |location=Philadelphia |access-date=19 October 2023}}</ref>{{efn|Spelling and capitalisation modernised.}} (Bold type did not appear until the nineteenth century.) In 1956, [[Hugh Williamson (book designer)|Hugh Williamson]]'s textbook ''Methods of Book Design'' noted that "one of the most conspicuous defects" of contemporary book faces was that they did not generally feature italic small capitals: "these would certainly be widely used if they were generally available".<ref name="Methods of Book Design" /> Exceptions available at the time were Linotype's [[Eric Gill|Pilgrim]], [[Janson]] and their release of [[Monotype Garamond]], and from Monotype [[Jan van Krimpen|Romulus]].<ref name="Methods of Book Design">{{Cite book |last=Williamson |first=Hugh |author-link=Hugh Williamson (book designer) |title=Methods of Book Design |date=1956 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=London |pages=75–104}}</ref> More have appeared in the digital period, such as in [[Hoefler Text]] and [[FF Scala]].<ref name="Design Dialogues" /><ref name="Hoefler Text Grand Italics">{{Cite web |last=Hoefler |first=Jonathan |author-link=Jonathan Hoefler |title=Hoefler Text Font Features: Grand Italics |url=https://www.typography.com/fonts/hoefler-text/features/hoefler-text-grand-italics |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190415181354/https://www.typography.com/fonts/hoefler-text/features/hoefler-text-grand-italics |archive-date=15 April 2019 |access-date=15 April 2019 |publisher=Hoefler}}</ref><ref name="Majoor Scala">{{Cite book |last=Majoor |first=Martin |url=https://www.martinmajoor.com/1.1_scala_article_majoor.html |title=FontFont Focus No.1 |year=2000 |publisher=FontShop |access-date=20 September 2020}}</ref>