Editing Smart card (section)

=== Invention ===
[[File:Prototype moreno2.jpg|thumb|One of the first smart card prototypes, created by its inventor [[Roland Moreno]] around 1975. The chip has not yet been miniaturized. On this prototype, one can see how each pin of the microchip (center) is connected to the exterior world by a copper connector.]]
[[File:1979 erste G&D-Chipkarte (8 Kontakte).jpg|thumb|First smart card manufactured by [[Giesecke+Devrient|Giesecke & Devrient]] in 1979, already with the finally standardized dimension (ID-1) and a contact area with eight pads (initially on the upper left corner)]]

The idea of incorporating an [[integrated circuit]] chip onto a plastic card was first introduced by the German engineer [[Helmut Gröttrup]]. In February 1967, Gröttrup filed the patents DE1574074<ref>{{Cite patent |title=Nachahmungssicherer Identifizierungsschalter |country=DE|number=1574074|status=application|pubdate=1971-11-25|invent1=Gröttrup|inventor1-first=Helmut|fdate=1967-02-06|inventorlink=Helmut Gröttrup}}</ref> and DE1574075<ref>{{Cite patent|title=Identifizierungsschalter mit induktiver Zuordnung |country=DE |number=1574075 |status=application|pubdate=1971-11-25|invent1=Gröttrup|inventor1-first=Helmut|fdate=1967-02-06|inventorlink=Helmut Gröttrup}}</ref> in [[West Germany]] for a tamper-proof identification switch based on a [[semiconductor device]] and described contactless communication via inductive coupling.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.dpma.de/docs/postergalerieneu/34_chipkarte.pdf |title=Chipkarte Helmut Gröttrup "Identifizierungsschalter" |date=2021 |access-date=2023-03-31 |website=[[German Patent and Trade Mark Office]] |language=de |trans-title=Helmut Gröttrup "Identification Switch" |archive-date=7 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407025611/https://www.dpma.de/docs/postergalerieneu/34_chipkarte.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Its primary use was intended to provide individual copy-protected keys for releasing the tapping process at unmanned gas stations. In September 1968, Gröttrup, together with [[Jürgen Dethloff]] as an investor, filed further patents for this identification switch, first in [[Austria]]<ref>{{Cite patent |title=Identifizierungsschalter |country=AT |number=287366 |status=patent|gdate=1971-01-21|invent1=Dethloff|inventor1-first=Jürgen|fdate=1968-09-13|pridate=1968-09-13|invent2=Gröttrup|inventor2-first=Helmut|inventorlink=Jürgen Dethloff|inventorlink2=Helmut Gröttrup|assign1=Intelectron Patentverwaltung}}</ref> and in 1969 as subsequent applications in the United States,<ref>{{Cite patent|title=Identification System|country=US|number=3641316|status=patent|gdate=1972-02-08|invent1=Dethloff|inventor1-first=Jürgen|fdate=1970-08-17|pridate=1969-06-30|invent2=Gröttrup|inventor2-first=Helmut|inventorlink=Jürgen Dethloff|inventorlink2=Helmut Gröttrup}}</ref><ref>{{Cite patent|title=Identification Switch|country=US|number=3678250|status=patent|gdate=1972-07-18|invent1=Dethloff|inventor1-first=Jürgen|fdate=1969-09-15|pridate=1968-09-13|invent2=Gröttrup|inventor2-first=Helmut|inventorlink=Jürgen Dethloff|inventorlink2=Helmut Gröttrup}}</ref> Great Britain, West Germany and other countries.<ref>{{Cite book|title=From Eurocheque Card to Mobile Security 1968–2012|last1=Böttge|first1=Horst|publisher=Battenberg Gietl Verlag|year=2013|isbn=978-3866465497|last2=Mahl|first2=Tobias|last3=Kamp|first3=Michael|editor-last=[[Giesecke+Devrient]]}}</ref>

Independently, Kunitaka Arimura of the Arimura Technology Institute in Japan developed a similar idea of incorporating an integrated circuit onto a plastic card, and filed a smart card patent in March 1970.<ref name="Chen"/><ref name="Jurgensen">{{cite book |last1=Jurgensen |first1=Timothy M. |last2=Guthery |first2=Scott B. |title=Smart Cards: The Developer's Toolkit |date=2002 |publisher=[[Prentice Hall Professional]] |isbn=9780130937308 |pages=2–3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TyniOOmvzKEC&pg=PA2 |access-date=30 September 2019 |archive-date=19 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200819234226/https://books.google.com/books?id=TyniOOmvzKEC&pg=PA2 |url-status=live }}</ref> The following year, Paul Castrucci of [[IBM]] filed an American patent titled "Information Card" in May 1971.<ref name="Jurgensen"/>

In 1974 [[Roland Moreno]] patented a secured memory card later dubbed the "smart card".<ref name=cwhrmoreno>{{cite web|title=Monticello Memoirs Program|url=http://www.cwhonors.org/Search/his_8.asp|publisher=Computerworld honors|access-date=13 February 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303193616/http://www.cwhonors.org/Search/his_8.asp|archive-date=3 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web
 |url = http://www.cardwerk.com/smartcards/smartcard_history.aspx
 |title = history of smartcard invention
 |access-date = 29 July 2016
 |archive-date = 25 April 2013
 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130425054528/http://www.cardwerk.com/smartcards/smartcard_history.aspx
 |url-status = dead
 }}</ref> In 1976, Jürgen Dethloff introduced the known element (called "the secret") to identify gate user as of USP 4105156.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://worldwide.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/originalDocument?FT=D&date=19780808&DB=EPODOC&locale=en_EP&CC=US&NR=4105156A&KC=A&ND=4 |title=Espacenet – Original document |publisher=Worldwide.espacenet.com |date=8 August 1978 |access-date=13 February 2014 |archive-date=12 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312030034/https://worldwide.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/originalDocument?FT=D&date=19780808&DB=EPODOC&locale=en_EP&CC=US&NR=4105156A&KC=A&ND=4 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 1977, Michel Ugon from [[Groupe Bull|Honeywell Bull]] invented the first [[microprocessor]] smart card with two [[integrated circuit|chips]]: one microprocessor and one [[computer memory|memory]], and in 1978, he patented the self-programmable one-chip microcomputer (SPOM) that defines the necessary architecture to program the chip. Three years later, [[Motorola]] used this patent in its "CP8". At that time, Bull had 1,200 patents related to smart cards. In 2001, Bull sold its CP8 division together with its patents to [[Schlumberger]], who subsequently combined its own internal smart card department and CP8 to create [[Axalto]]. In 2006, Axalto and Gemplus, at the time the world's top two smart-card manufacturers, merged and became [[Gemalto]]. In 2008, Dexa Systems spun off from Schlumberger and acquired Enterprise Security Services business, which included the smart-card solutions division responsible for deploying the first large-scale smart-card management systems based on [[public key infrastructure]] (PKI).

The first mass use of the cards was as a [[telephone card]] for payment in French [[payphone]]s, starting in 1983.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What is smart card? - Definition from WhatIs.com |url=https://www.techtarget.com/searchsecurity/definition/smart-card |access-date=2022-05-31 |website=SearchSecurity |language=en |archive-date=31 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531110231/https://www.techtarget.com/searchsecurity/definition/smart-card |url-status=live }}</ref>