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Smart mob
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==Early instances== A forerunner to the idea can be found in the work of anarchist thinker Kropotkin, "fishermen, hunters, travelling merchants, builders, or settled craftsmen came together for a common pursuit."<ref>{{cite book |last= Kropotkin|first= Peter|title= Mutual Aid|year= 1989|location= Montreal|publisher= Black Rose Books |isbn= 978-0-921689-26-3|author-link= Peter Kropotkin}}</ref> According to [[CNN]], the first smart mobs were teenage "thumb tribes" in Tokyo and Helsinki who used [[text messaging]] on [[cell phone]]s to organize impromptu [[rave]]s or to stalk celebrities. For instance, in Tokyo, crowds of teenage fans would assemble seemingly spontaneously at subway stops where a rock musician was rumored to be headed.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2003/ALLPOLITICS/03/03/timep.smart.mobs.tm/|title=CNN.com - Day of the smart mobs - Mar. 3, 2003|last=Taylor|first=Chris|website=www.cnn.com|access-date=2018-04-02}}</ref> However, an even earlier example is the ''[[Dîner en blanc]]'' phenomenon, which has taken place annually in [[Paris]], [[France]], since 1988, for one night around the end of June. The invited guests wear only white clothes and gather at a chosen spot, knowledge of which they have only a short time beforehand. They bring along food, drink, chairs and a table and the whole group then gathers to have a meal, after which they disperse. The event has been held each year in different places in the centre of Paris. It is not a normal cultural event because it is not advertised and only those who have received an invite attend—information on the chosen location is transferred by text message or more recently [[Twitter]]. The number of people attending has grown, in 2011, to over 10,000.<ref>[http://www.essen-und-trinken.de/topthemen/veranstaltungen/le-diner-blanc/index.html essen-und-trinken.de], ''Le Diner Blanc: weißes Dinner in Paris''. [<gs id="a0c64f95-2c36-4271-a2a7-520486d6f119" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="80c0748f-83bb-4c1f-8f79-29d42597507e" class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark">in</gs> German]</ref> ''Dîner en blanc'' would be considered a smart mob rather than a flash mob, because the event lasts for several hours.{{citation needed|date=May 2016}} The [[Professional Contractors Group]] organised the first smart mob in the UK in 2000 when 700 contractors turned up at The House of Commons to lobby their MP following an email sent out a few days before.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ipse.co.uk/news/pcg-2-fighting-ir35-parliament|title=PCG 2: Fighting IR35 in Parliament|work=IPSE|access-date=2017-07-25|language=en}}{{dead link|date=March 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> In the days after the U.S. presidential election of 2000, online activist [[Zack Exley]] anonymously created a website that allowed people to suggest locations for gatherings to protest for a full recount of the votes in [[Florida]]. On the first Saturday after the election, more than 100 significant protests took place—many with thousands of participants—without any traditional organizing effort. Exley wrote in December 2000 that the self-organized protests "demonstrated that a fundamental change is taking place in our national political life. It's not the Internet per se, but the emerging potential for any individual to communicate—for free and anonymously if necessary—with any other individual."<ref>[http://motherjones.com/politics/2000/12/organizing-online "Organizing Online"] ''Mother Jones'', December 2000</ref> In the [[Philippines]] in 2001, a group of protesters organized via text messaging gathered at the [[Our Lady of Peace Quasi-Parish|EDSA Shrine]], the site of the [[People Power Revolution|1986 revolution]] that overthrew [[Ferdinand Marcos]], to protest the corruption of President [[Joseph Estrada]]. The protest grew quickly, and Estrada was soon removed from office.<ref>[http://www.cnn.com/2003/ALLPOLITICS/03/03/timep.smart.mobs.tm/ "Day of the smart mobs"], CNN</ref> The [[Critical Mass (cycling)|Critical Mass]] bicycling events, dating back to 1992, are also sometimes compared to smart mobs, due to their self-organizing manner of assembly.<ref>[http://www.sirc.org/articles/flash_mob.shtml "Dadaist lunacy or the future of protest?"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516101414/http://www.sirc.org/articles/flash_mob.shtml |date=2008-05-16 }}, Social Issues Research Center</ref><ref>[http://journal.fibreculture.org/issue6/issue6_nicholson.html "Flash! Mobs in the Age of Mobile Connectivity"] ''Fibreculture Journal'', issue 6</ref>
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