Editing Social distance (section)

== Dimensions ==
Nedim Karakayali put forth a framework that described four dimensions of social distance:<ref name=":2" /><ref name="test">Karakayali, Nedim. 2009. "Social Distance and Affective Orientations." ''Sociological Forum'', vol. 23, n.3, pp. 538–562.</ref>

# '''Affective social distance''': One widespread view of social distance is [[negative affectivity|affectivity]]. Social distance is associated with affective distance, i.e. how much sympathy the members of a group feel for another group. [[Emory Bogardus]], the creator of "Bogardus social distance scale" was typically basing his scale on this [[subjectivity|subjective-affective]] conception of social distance: "[i]n social distance studies the center of attention is on the feeling reactions of persons toward other persons and toward groups of people."<ref>Bogardus, E. S. 1947. ''Measurement of Personal-Group Relations,'' ''Sociometry'', 10: 4: 306–311.</ref>
# '''Normative social distance''': A second approach views social distance as a [[social norm|normative]] category. Normative social distance refers to the widely accepted and often consciously expressed norms about who should be considered as an [[ingroup|"insider"]] and who an [[Outgroup (sociology)|"outsider/foreigner".]] Such norms, in other words, specify the distinctions between "us" and "them". Therefore, normative social distance differs from affective social distance, because it conceives social distance is conceived as a [[Objectivity (science)|non-subjective]], [[social structure|structural]] aspect of social relations. Examples of this conception can be found in some of the works of sociologists such as [[Georg Simmel]], [[Emile Durkheim]] and to some extent [[Robert E. Park|Robert Park]].
# '''Interactive social distance''': Focuses on the frequency and intensity of interactions between two groups, claiming that the more the members of two groups interact, the closer they are socially. This conception is similar to the approaches in [[social network|sociological network]] theory, where the frequency of interaction between two parties is used as a measure of the "strength" of the social ties between them.
# '''Cultural and habitual distance''': Focuses cultural and habitual which is proposed by Bourdieu (1990). This type of distance is influenced by the "capital" people possess.

It is possible to view these different conceptions as "dimensions" of social distance, that do not necessarily overlap. The members of two groups might interact with each other quite frequently, but this does not always mean that they will feel "close" to each other or that normatively they will consider each other as the members of the same group. In other words, interactive, normative and affective dimensions of social distance might not be linearly associated.<ref name="test" />