Editing Somatic cell nuclear transfer (section)

== Early 20th-Century ==
Although Dolly is generally recognized as the first animal to be cloned using this technique, earlier instances of SCNT exist as early as the 1950s. In particular, the research of [[John Gurdon|Sir John Gurdon]] in 1958 entailed the cloning of ''[[African clawed frog|Xenopus laevis]]'' utilizing the principles of SCNT.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Elsdale |first1=T. R. |last2=Gurdon |first2=J. B. |last3=Fischberg |first3=M. |date=1960-12-01 |title=A Description of the Technique for Nuclear Transplantation in<i>Xenopus laevis</i> |url=https://doi.org/10.1242/dev.8.4.437 |journal=Development |volume=8 |issue=4 |pages=437–444 |doi=10.1242/dev.8.4.437 |issn=0950-1991|url-access=subscription }}</ref> In short, the experiment consisted of inducing a female specimen to ovulate, at which point her eggs were harvested. From here, the egg was enucleated using ultra-violet irradiation to disable the egg's pronucleus. At this point, the prepared egg cell and nucleus from the donor cell were combined, and then incubation and eventual development into a tadpole proceeded.<ref name=":0" /> Gurdon's application of SCNT differs from more modern applications and even applications used on other model systems of the time (i.e., ''[[Northern leopard frog|Rana pipiens]]'') due to his usage of UV irradiation to enucleate the egg instead of using a pipette to remove the nucleus from the egg.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gurdon |first=John B. |date=2013-12-05 |title=The Egg and the Nucleus: A Battle for Supremacy (Nobel Lecture) |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.201306722 |journal=Angewandte Chemie International Edition |volume=52 |issue=52 |pages=13890–13899 |doi=10.1002/anie.201306722 |pmid=24311340 |issn=1433-7851|url-access=subscription }}</ref>