Editing Soybean rust (section)

==Host and symptoms==
Soybean rust is caused by two types of fungi, ''[[Phakopsora pachyrhizi]]'' and ''[[Phakopsora meibomiae]]''.<ref name="APHIS" /> It affects several important commercial plants, however, most notable for soybeans. Asian Soybean Rust can infect and reproduce on 90 known plant species, 20 of which are found in the United States, such as, soybeans, [[Common bean|dry beans]], [[Common bean|kidney beans]], [[pea]]s. Asian soybean rust also infects yellow sweet lover, vetch, medic, lupine, green and kidney bean, and lima and butter bean.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Asian Soybean Rust {{!}} Integrated Crop Management |url=https://crops.extension.iastate.edu/soybean/diseases_rust.html |access-date=2022-05-07 |website=crops.extension.iastate.edu}}</ref> leguminous forage crops such as trefoil and sweet clover and weeds such as [[kudzu]].<ref name="InvasiveSpecies.gov" /> 
[[File:Phakopsora pachyrhizi 1.jpg|right|thumb|Soybean leaves infected with ASR (photo from USDA)<ref name="USDA-ARS" />]]

At the early stage of Asian Soybean Rust, it causes yellow mosaic discoloration on the upper surfaces of older foliage. At this stage, it is usually hard to identify since the symptoms are relatively small and poorly defined.<ref name="APHIS-factsheet" />

Later as the disease continues to progress, the leaves will turn yellow and there will be lesions mostly on the undersides of the leaves and sometimes on [[petiole (botany)|petioles]], stems or pods and premature defoliation can also be observed.<ref name="ppwsipm.contentsrvr.net" /> In Phakopsora pachyrhizi  will begin to form small brown and brick red sports on the lower canopy of the leaves that will begin to turn into lesions.
  
Asian Soybean Rust produces two types of lesions. Lesions at the later stage will turn from gray to tan or reddish brown.  Mature tan lesions consist of small pustules surrounded by discolored [[necrosis|necrotic]] areas. Tan spores can be found at the necrotic areas on the underside of the leaf. In the case of reddish brown lesions, there are larger reddish brown necrotic areas with few pustules and visible spores on the underside of the leaf. A good way to distinguish Asian Soybean Rust from other diseases is to look at the pustules it produces. ASR pustules usually do not have the yellow halo which is typical of [[bacteria]]l pustules. Besides, ASR pustules are raised and can be commonly found on the underside of the leaf which makes it different from the lesions caused by spot diseases.<ref name="APHIS-factsheet" /><ref name="Invasive.org" />

Soybean plants are one of ASR's most known hosts and are susceptible at any stage in the life cycle. However, symptoms are most commonly found during or after flowering.<ref name="planthealth.info-symptoms" /> ASR infection will reduce pod production and fill.<ref name="ppwsipm.contentsrvr.net" />