Editing Space colonization (section)

==History==

In the first half of the 17th century [[John Wilkins]] suggested in ''A Discourse Concerning a New Planet'' that future adventurers like [[Francis Drake]] and [[Christopher Columbus]] might reach the Moon and allow people to live there.<ref>{{cite web |author=Haskins |first=Caroline |date=14 August 2018 |title=The Racist Language of Space Exploration |url=https://theoutline.com/post/5809/the-racist-language-of-space-exploration?zd=3&zi=v4x73sgl |access-date=1 November 2020}}</ref> The first known work on space colonization was the 1869 novella ''[[The Brick Moon]]'' by [[Edward Everett Hale]], about an inhabited artificial satellite.<ref>{{cite journal |first=E. E. |last=Hale |title=[[The Brick Moon]] |journal=Atlantic Monthly |volume=24 |date=1869}}</ref> In 1897, [[Kurd Lasswitz]] also wrote about space colonies. The Russian rocket science pioneer [[Konstantin Tsiolkovsky]] foresaw elements of the space community in his book ''Beyond Planet Earth'' written about 1900. Tsiolkovsky imagined his space travelers building greenhouses and raising crops in space.<ref>K. E. Tsiolkovsky. ''Beyond Planet Earth''. Trans. by Kenneth Syers. Oxford, 1960.</ref> Tsiolkovsky believed that going into space would help perfect human beings, leading to immortality and peace.<ref name="bio">[http://www.informatics.org/museum/tsiol.html The life of Konstantin Eduardovitch Tsiolkovsky 1857–1935], {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120615044125/http://www.informatics.org/museum/tsiol.html|date=15 June 2012}}.</ref> One of the first to speak about space colonization was [[Cecil Rhodes]] who in 1902 spoke about "these stars that you see overhead at night, these vast worlds which we can never reach", adding "I would annex the planets if I could; I often think of that. It makes me sad to see them so clear and yet so far".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Pop |first1=Virgiliu |title=Who Owns the Moon? Extraterrestrial Aspects of Land and Mineral Resources Ownership |date=2008 |volume=4 |publisher=Springer |page=13 |doi=10.1007/978-1-4020-9135-3 |isbn=978-1-4020-9134-6 |url=https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-1-4020-9135-3|access-date=20 April 2025}}</ref> In the 1920s [[John Desmond Bernal]], [[Hermann Oberth]], [[Guido von Pirquet]] and [[Herman Noordung]] further developed the idea. [[Wernher von Braun]] contributed his ideas in a 1952 ''Colliers'' magazine article. In the 1950s and 1960s, [[Dandridge M. Cole]]<ref>{{cite book |first1=Dandridge M. |last1=Cole |first2=Donald W. |last2=Cox |title=Islands in Space:The Challenge of the Planetoids |url=https://www.amazon.com/Islands-Space-Planetoids-Dandridge-Cole/dp/B0007DZSR0|publisher=Chilton |date=1964|access-date=17 April 2025}}</ref> published his ideas. 

When orbital spaceflight was achieved in the 1950s [[colonialism]] was still a strong international project, e.g. easing the United States to advance [[United States space program|its space program]] and space in general as part of a "[[New Frontier]]".<ref name="marshall"/> As the [[Space Age]] was developing, [[decolonization]] gained again in force, producing many newly [[independence|independent]] countries. These newly independent countries confronted spacefaring countries, demanding an anti-colonial stance and regulation of space activity when [[space law]] was raised and negotiated internationally. Fears of confrontations because of [[land grab]]s and an [[arms race]] [[Militarization of space|in space]] between the few countries with spaceflight capabilities grew and were ultimately shared by the spacefaring countries themselves.<ref name="Wilson Center 2021">{{cite web | title=The Global Legal Landscape of Space: Who Writes the Rules on the Final Frontier? | website=Wilson Center |first1=Sophie |last1=Goguichvili |first2=Alan |last2=Linenberger |first3=Amber |last3=Gillette |first4=Alexandra |last4=Novak |date=1 October 2021| url=https://www.wilsoncenter.org/article/global-legal-landscape-space-who-writes-rules-final-frontier | access-date=14 October 2022}}</ref> This produced the wording of the agreed on international space law, starting with the [[Outer Space Treaty]] of 1967, calling space a "[[common heritage of humanity|province of all mankind]]" and securing provisions for international regulation and sharing of outer space.

The advent of [[geostationary satellite]]s raised the case of limited space in outer space. In the 1960s and with an initial focus on communications spectrum management, the international community agreed to regulate the assignment of slots in the geosynchronous (GEO) belt through the [[International Telecommunication Union|International Telecommunication Union (ITU)]]. Today, any company or nation planning to launch a satellite to GEO must apply to the ITU for an orbital slot.<ref>{{cite report|title=Orbital Slots for Everyone?|first=Joseph W. |last=Gangestad |date=March 2017 |url=https://aerospace.org/sites/default/files/2018-05/OrbitalSlots_0.pdf |publisher=The Aerospace Corporation|access-date=20 April 2025}}</ref> A group of [[equator]]ial countries, all of which were countries that were once colonies of colonial empires, but without spaceflight capabilities, signed in 1976 the [[Bogota Declaration]]. These countries declared that [[geostationary orbit]] is a limited natural resource and belongs to the equatorial countries directly below, seeing it not as part of outer space, humanity's [[Commons|common]]. Through this, the declaration challenged the dominance of geostationary orbit by spacefaring countries through identifying their dominance as imperialistic.<ref name="Columbia Journal of Transnational Law 2017">{{cite web | title=The Bogotá Declaration: A Case Study on Sovereignty, Empire, and the Commons in Outer Space |first=Haris A. |last=Durrani |website=Columbia Journal of Transnational Law | date=5 December 2017 | url=http://jtl.columbia.edu/the-bogota-declaration-a-case-study-on-sovereignty-empire-and-the-commons-in-outer-space/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200121062356/http://jtl.columbia.edu/the-bogota-declaration-a-case-study-on-sovereignty-empire-and-the-commons-in-outer-space/ | archive-date=21 January 2020 | url-status=dead | access-date=15 October 2022}}</ref><ref name="Biondi 2018">{{cite web |last=Biondi |first=Charleyne |date=21 January 2018 |title=Haris A. Durrani – The Bogotá Declaration: A Global Uprising? – Uprising 13/13 |url=https://blogs.law.columbia.edu/uprising1313/haris-a-durrani-the-bogota-declaration-a-global-uprising/ |access-date=15 October 2022 |website=Log In ‹ Blogs @ Columbia Law School}}</ref><ref name="Collis 2009 pp. 47–65">{{cite journal | last=Collis | first=Christy | title=The Geostationary Orbit: A Critical Legal Geography of Space's Most Valuable Real Estate | journal=The Sociological Review | publisher=SAGE Publications | volume=57 | issue=1_suppl | year=2009 | issn=0038-0261 | doi=10.1111/j.1467-954x.2009.01816.x | pages=47–65| s2cid=127857448 }}</ref> 

Writers continued to address space colonization concepts by publishing books in the mid-1970s such as ''The High Frontier: Human Colonies in Space'' by [[Gerard K. O'Neill]]<ref name="ONeill-1977">{{cite book|first=Gerard K. |last=O'Neill |title=The High Frontier: Human Colonies in Space |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f7emAAAAIAAJ |publisher=Anchor Books|date=1977|isbn=978-0-385-18232-4 |access-date=17 April 2025}}</ref> and ''Colonies in Space'' by [[T. A. Heppenheimer]].<ref>{{cite book|first=T. A. |last=Heppenheimer |title=Colonies in Space |url=https://nss.org/colonies-in-space-by-t-a-heppenheimer/ |publisher=Stackpole Books |via=National Space Society|date=1977 |access-date=16 April 2025}}</ref>

In 1975, the first international joint space mission occurred as a symbol of the policy of détente that the two superpowers were pursuing at the time. The U.S. Apollo and Soviet Soyuz spacecraft docked in earth orbit for almost two days.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mannedspaceops.org/missions/apollo-soyuz/|title=Apollo Soyuz Program Summary|website=mannedspaceops.org|access-date=20 April 2025}}</ref> In 1977, the first sustained space habitat, the [[Salyut 6]] station, was put into Earth's orbit. Eventually the first space stations were succeeded by the [[ISS]], today's largest [[human outpost]] in space and closest to a space settlement. Built and operated under a multilateral regime, it has become a blueprint for future stations, such as [[Lunar Gateway|around]] and possibly [[Moonbase|on the Moon]].<ref name="Foust 2018">{{cite web | last=Foust | first=Jeff | title=Is the Gateway the right way to the moon? | website=SpaceNews | date=25 December 2018 | url=https://spacenews.com/is-the-gateway-the-right-way-to-the-moon/ | access-date=15 October 2022}}</ref><ref name="ESA Blog Navigator – Navigator page for active ESA blogs 2016">{{cite web | title=Moon Village: A vision for global cooperation and Space 4.0 – Jan Wörner's blog | website=ESA Blog Navigator – Navigator page for active ESA blogs | date=23 November 2016 | url=https://blogs.esa.int/janwoerner/2016/11/23/moon-village/ | access-date=15 October 2022}}</ref>

Additional discourse on living in space was generated by writers including [[Marianne J. Dyson]] who wrote ''Home on the Moon; Living on a Space Frontier'' in 2003;<ref>{{cite book |first=Marianne J. |last=Dyson |title=Living on a Space Frontier |publisher=National Geographic |date=2003 |isbn=0792271939 }}</ref> Peter Eckart wrote ''Lunar Base Handbook'' in 2006<ref>{{cite book |first=Peter |last=Eckart |title=Lunar Base Handbook|publisher=McGraw-Hill |date=2006 |isbn=0072401710 }}</ref> and then [[Harrison Schmitt]]'s ''Return to the Moon'' written in 2007.<ref>{{cite book|first=Harrison H. |last=Schmitt |title=Return to the Moon - Exploration, Enterprise, and Energy in the Human Settlement of Space |publisher=Springer |date=2007|isbn=978-0-387-31064-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IerrQGC6S2YC |access-date=18 April 2025}}</ref>

An international regime for lunar activity was demanded by the international [[Moon Treaty]], but is currently developed multilaterally as with the [[Artemis Accords]].<ref name="The Space Review 2020">{{cite web |date=29 June 2020 |title=The Artemis Accords: repeating the mistakes of the Age of Exploration |url=https://www.thespacereview.com/article/3975/1 |first=Dennis |last=O’Brien |access-date=14 October 2022 |website=The Space Review}}</ref> Threats to existing treaties come in areas such as [[space debris]] because of the lack of regulation on disposition of assets by operators (and controlling sovereign power) once their mission is complete. The only habitation on a different celestial body so far have been the temporary habitats of the crewed [[lunar lander]]s. Similar to the Artemis program, China is leading an effort to develop a lunar base called the [[International Lunar Research Station]] beginning in the 2030s.