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==History== [[File:1593 Norden's map of Westminster surveyed and publ 1593 (1).jpg|right|thumb|250px|This 1593 map shows "The Strande" as the principal route β parallel to the River, from [[City of London|the City]] in the east, to [[Whitehall]] in the west]] During [[Roman Britain]], what is now the Strand was part of the [[Roman roads in Britannia|route]] to [[Silchester]], known as "Iter VIII" on the [[Antonine Itinerary]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.roman-britain.org/geography/itinerary.htm |title=ANTONINE ITINERARY |publisher=www.roman-britain.org |access-date=31 July 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100710071816/http://www.roman-britain.org/geography/itinerary.htm |archive-date=10 July 2010}}</ref> and which later became known by the name [[Akeman Street]].<ref>Thomas Codrington, {{cite book |url=https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Periods/Roman/Topics/Engineering/roads/Britain/_Texts/CODROM/home.html |title=''Roman Roads in Britain'' |publisher=Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, London, 1903 (republished on LacusCurtius) |access-date=31 July 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Archaeology: The Romano-British Period |journal=A History of the County of Middlesex |volume=1, Physique, Archaeology, Domesday, Ecclesiastical Organization, the Jews, Religious Houses, Education of Working Classes To 1870, Private Education From Sixteenth Century |editor1=J S Cockburn |editor2=H P F King |editor3=K G T McDonnell |location=London |year=1969 |pages=64β74 |url=http://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/middx/vol1/pp64-74 |access-date=31 December 2015}}</ref> It was briefly part of a trading town called [[Lundenwic]] that developed around 600 AD,<ref name=Clark>{{cite web |url=http://ads.ahds.ac.uk/catalogue/adsdata/arch-457-1/dissemination/pdf/vol09/vol09_02/09_02_035_038.pdf|title=King Alfred's London and London's King Alfred|first=John|last=Clark|publisher=London Archaeologist"|volume=9|number=2|date=Autumn 1999}}</ref> and stretched from [[Trafalgar Square]] to [[Aldwych]].<ref name=Lund>{{cite web |url=http://www.museumoflondon.org.uk/English/EventsExhibitions/Past/MissingLink/Themes/TML_themes_Lundenwic.htm |title=Museum of London β Early years of Lundenwic |publisher=www.museumoflondon.org.uk |access-date=27 July 2010}}</ref> [[Alfred the Great]] gradually moved the settlement into the old Roman town of [[Roman London|Londinium]] from around 886 AD onwards, leaving no mark of the old town, and the area returned to fields.<ref name=Clark/> In the [[Middle Ages]], the Strand became the principal route between the separate settlements of the [[City of London]] (the civil and commercial centre) and the royal [[Palace of Westminster]] (the national political centre). In the archaeological record, there is considerable evidence of occupation to the north of Aldwych, but much along the former foreshore has been covered by rubble from the demolition of the [[Tudor era|Tudor]] Somerset Place, a former royal residence, to create a large platform for the building of the first [[Somerset House]], in the 17th century.<ref name=onl>{{cite book |title=The Strand (southern tributaries) |url=http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=45134 |publisher=Old and New London: Volume 3 |year=1878 |pages=63β84 |access-date=28 December 2015}}</ref> The landmark [[Queen Eleanor Memorial Cross|Eleanor's Cross]] was built in the 13th century at the western end of the Strand at [[Charing Cross]] by [[Edward I of England|Edward I]] commemorating his wife [[Eleanor of Castile]]. It was demolished in 1647 by the request of Parliament during the [[First English Civil War]], but reconstructed in 1865.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-10911029 |title=Renovated Eleanor's Cross in Charing Cross unveiled |publisher=BBC News |date=9 August 2010 |access-date=31 December 2015}}</ref> The west part of the Strand was in the parish of [[St Martin in the Fields (parish)|St Martin in the Fields]]<ref>{{cite journal|first=Walter|last=Thornbury|title=St Martin-in-the-Fields|journal=Old and New London|volume=3|location=London|year=1878|pages=149β160|url=http://www.british-history.ac.uk/old-new-london/vol3/pp149-160|access-date=28 December 2015}}</ref> and in the east it extended into the parishes of [[St Clement Danes (parish)|St Clement Danes]] and [[St Mary le Strand (parish)|St Mary le Strand]]. Most of its length was in the [[City and Liberty of Westminster|Liberty of Westminster]],<ref>{{cite journal|first=John|last=Noorthouck|volume=Book 4, Ch. 3|title=The parishes of the Liberty of Westminster|journal=A New History of London Including Westminster and Southwark|location=London|year=1773|pages=717β738|url=http://www.british-history.ac.uk/no-series/new-history-london/pp717-738|access-date=28 December 2015}}</ref> although part of the eastern section in St Clement Danes was in the [[Ossulstone]] hundred of Middlesex.<ref>{{cite journal|author=A P Baggs, Diane K Bolton, M A Hicks and R B Pugh|title=Ossulstone Hundred |journal=A History of the County of Middlesex|volume=6: Friern Barnet, Finchley, Hornsey With Highgate|editor1=T F T Baker |editor2=C R Elrington |location=London|year=1980|pages=1β5|url=http://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/middx/vol6/pp1-5|access-date=28 December 2015}}</ref> The Strand was the northern boundary of the [[precinct of the Savoy]], which was approximately where the approach to [[Waterloo Bridge]] is now.<ref>{{cite journal|first=Walter|last=Thornbury|title=The Savoy|journal=Old and New London|volume=3|location=London|year=1878|pages=95β100|url=http://www.british-history.ac.uk/old-new-london/vol3/pp95-100|access-date=28 December 2015}}</ref> All of these parishes and places became part of the [[Strand District (Metropolis)|Strand District]] in 1855, except St Martin in the Fields which was governed separately.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Estate and Parish History |journal=Survey of London|volume=33β34: St Anne Soho|editor=F H W Sheppard|location=London|year=1966|pages=20β26|url=http://www.british-history.ac.uk/survey-london/vols33-4/pp20-26|access-date=28 December 2015}}</ref> The Strand District Board of Works was based at No. 22, [[Tavistock Street]].<ref>{{cite journal|title=Southampton Street and Tavistock Street Area: Tavistock Street |journal=Survey of London|volume=36: Covent Garden|editor=F H W Sheppard|location=London|year=1970|pages=218β222|url=http://www.british-history.ac.uk/survey-london/vol36/pp218-222|access-date=28 December 2015}}</ref> Strand District was abolished in October 1900 and became part of the [[Metropolitan Borough of Westminster]].<ref>{{cite book|title=A house of kings: the history of Westminster Abbey|first=Edward|last=Carpenter|page=463|publisher=Baker|year=1966}}</ref> ===Palaces=== From the 12th century onwards, large mansions lined the Strand including several palaces and [[townhouse]]s inhabited by bishops and royal courtiers, mainly on the south side, with their own river gates and landings directly on the Thames. The road was poorly maintained, with many pits and sloughs, and a paving order was issued in 1532 to improve traffic.{{sfn|Weinreb et al.|2008|p=883}} What later became [[Essex House (London)|Essex House]] on the Strand was originally an Outer Temple of the [[Knights Templar]] in the 11th century. In 1313, ownership passed to the Knights of St John. King [[Henry VIII]] gave the house to [[William Paget, 1st Baron Paget|William, Baron Paget]], in the early 16th century. [[Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester|Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester]], rebuilt the house in 1563, originally calling it Leicester House. It was renamed Essex House after being inherited by [[Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex]], in 1588. It was demolished around 1674 and Essex Street, leading up to the Strand, was built on the location by property speculator [[Nicholas Barbon]].{{sfn|Weinreb et al.|2008|p=276}} [[Arundel House]] was originally the town house of the [[Bishop of Bath and Wells|Bishops of Bath and Wells]]. It was owned by [[William FitzWilliam, 1st Earl of Southampton]], between 1539 and his death in 1542, with ownership passing to [[Thomas Seymour, 1st Baron Seymour of Sudeley|Thomas Seymour]] in 1545. After Seymour was executed in 1549, the property was sold to [[Henry FitzAlan, 19th Earl of Arundel|Henry FitzAlan, Earl of Arundel]], and was owned by the Earldom for much of the 16th and 17th century. In 1666, it became the meeting place of the [[Royal Society]] after the [[Great Fire of London]] destroyed their previous venue. The house was demolished in 1678 and Arundel Street, adjoining the Strand, was built on the site.{{sfn|Weinreb et al.|2008|pp=29β30}} [[File:Somerset House by Kip 1722.JPG|thumb|right|The original [[Somerset House]] in 1722]] [[Somerset House]] was built by [[Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset|Edward Seymour, Duke of Somerset]], regent of England from 1547 to 1549, demolishing three inns and the church of the Nativity of Our Lady and the Innocents in the process. After Somerset was executed in 1552, it became an occasional residence for [[Elizabeth I of England|Princess Elizabeth]]. When she became Queen in 1558, she returned part of the house to Seymour's family (with ownership passing to his son, [[Edward Seymour, 1st Earl of Hertford]]); the remainder was an occasional meeting place for the Royal Society. After Elizabeth's death in 1603, it was owned by [[Anne of Denmark]], wife of [[James VI and I]]. The building was renamed Denmark House in commemoration of Anne's brother, [[Christian IV of Denmark]]. After James died in 1625, his body lay there intestate for a month. The building was taken over by Parliament in 1645 following the Civil War, renaming it back to Somerset House.{{sfn|Weinreb et al.|2008|p=849}} It had an irregular series of owners and residents for much of the 18th century until it was demolished in 1775. The house was rebuilt as a series of government buildings. The Stamp Office, later to become the [[Inland Revenue]] was established in Somerset House in 1789. In the late 20th century, a number of art galleries were set up on vacant parts, including the [[Courtauld Institute of Art]] and the [[The Dickson Poon School of Law|King's College London School of Law]].{{sfn|Weinreb et al.|2008|p=849}} [[File:SomersetHousebyAnonpublAckermann&Co1836.jpg|thumb|left|A 19th-century print showing [[St Mary le Strand]] and the Strand front of [[Somerset House]]]] [[Savoy Palace]] was the London residence of [[John of Gaunt]] (uncle of [[Richard II of England|King Richard II]]), the nation's power broker. In the 14th century the Savoy was the most magnificent nobleman's mansion in England. During the [[Peasants' Revolt]] of 1381, rebels, led by [[Wat Tyler]], inflamed by opposition to the poll tax promoted by John of Gaunt, systematically demolished the Savoy and everything in it. In 1512 it was rebuilt as the Savoy Hospital for the poor. It gradually fell into dereliction and was divided into multiple tenancies. It was demolished in 1816β1820 to build the approach road to [[Waterloo Bridge]]. The [[Savoy Hotel]] now occupies this site.{{sfn|Weinreb et al.|2008|p=825}} [[File:Exeter Exchange.jpg|thumb|right|[[Exeter Exchange]], viewed from the Strand in the early 19th century]] [[Durham House (London)|Durham House]], the historic London residence of the [[Bishop of Durham]], was built circa 1345 and demolished in the mid-17th century. It was the home of [[Anne Boleyn]]. It had become derelict by the mid-17th century and was demolished in 1660. Durham Street and the Adelphi Buildings were built on its site.{{sfn|Weinreb et al.|2008|p=255}} [[York House, Strand|York House]] was built as the London residence for the [[Bishop of Norwich]] not later than 1237. At the time of the Reformation it was acquired by King Henry VIII, and came to be known as York House when he granted it to the [[Archbishop of York]] in 1556. In the 1620s it was acquired by the royal favourite [[George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham]], and after an interlude during the Civil War it was returned to [[George Villiers, 2nd Duke of Buckingham]], who sold it to developers in 1672. It was then demolished and new streets and buildings built on the site, including George Street, [[Villiers Street]], Duke Street, Of Alley, and Buckingham Street.{{sfn|Weinreb et al.|2008|p=1036}} [[Cecil House]], also called Exeter House or Burghley House, was built in the 16th century by [[William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley|Lord Burghley]] as an expansion of an existing Tudor house. Exeter House was demolished in 1676 and [[Exeter Exchange]] built on the site.{{sfn|Weinreb et al.|2008|p=283}} A [[menagerie]] was built on the upper floors in 1773, which was later run by [[Edward Cross (zoo proprietor)|Edward Cross]], who housed lions, tigers, monkeys and hippopotami. In 1826, an elephant, [[Chunee]], nearly broke free from its cage and had to be destroyed; the skeleton was later put on display. The exchange was demolished in 1829, with the menagerie moving to the [[Surrey Zoological Gardens]], and replaced by [[Exeter Hall]], noted for its [[Evangelicalism|Evangelical]] meetings. This was demolished in 1907, and the site is now occupied by the [[Strand Palace Hotel]].{{sfn|Weinreb et al.|2008|pp=282β283}} Other significant palaces along the Strand include Worcester House, formerly the Inn, or residence, of the [[Bishop of Carlisle]],{{sfn|Weinreb et al.|2008|p=1032}} Salisbury House, used for royal lodgings in the 15th and 16th centuries,{{sfn|Weinreb et al.|2008|p=820}} [[Bedford House (Strand)|Bedford House]] demolished in 1704,<ref>{{cite book|first=Lesley|last=Lawson|title=Out of the Shadows: The Life of Lucy, Countess of Bedford|publisher=Bloomsbury|year=2007|page=21|isbn=978-1-847-25212-8}}</ref> Hungerford House, which was demolished and replaced, in turn, by [[Hungerford Market]] and [[Charing Cross railway station|Charing Cross station]] and [[Northumberland House]], a large [[Jacobean architecture|Jacobean]] mansion, the historic London residence of the [[Duke of Northumberland|Dukes of Northumberland]]; built in 1605 and demolished in 1874. [[Northumberland Avenue]] now occupies the site.{{sfn|Weinreb et al.|2008|p=593}} The official residence of the Secretary of State, next door at No. 1 the Strand, became the first numbered address in London.{{sfn|Moore|2003|p=197}} Apart from the rebuilt Somerset House, all of these buildings have been demolished and replaced from the 17th century onwards.{{sfn|Weinreb et al.|2008|p=883}} A New Exchange was built on part of the gardens of Durham House, in 1608β1609, facing the Strand. This high-class shopping centre enjoyed considerable popularity but was eventually destroyed in 1737.{{sfn|Weinreb et al.|2008|p=539}} ===Modern era=== [[File:The Strand, Looking Eastwards from Exeter Change, c1824.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Strand, looking eastwards from Exeter Exchange (1822) β the distant church is [[St Mary le Strand]], with [[St Clement Danes]] behind]] During the 17th century, many of the grand mansions on the Strand were demolished as the aristocracy moved to the [[West End of London|West End]].{{sfn|Weinreb et al.|2008|p=883}} The Duck and Drake tavern on Strand was famed as a venue for the conspirators involved in the [[Gunpowder Plot]].{{sfn|Moore|2003|p=197}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gunpowder-plot.org/fawkes.asp|title=The Gunpowder Plot Society|author=David Herber|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100318043708/http://www.gunpowder-plot.org/fawkes.asp|archive-date=18 March 2010}}</ref> In the time of the Civil War, the Nag's Head tavern was the venue of a meeting between [[Henry Ireton]] and some of the [[Levellers]] which resulted in the production of ''Remonstrance of the Army'', demanding the abolition of the monarchy and the trial of [[Charles I of England|King Charles I]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Hibbert |first=Christopher |title=Cavaliers and Roundheads: The English at War 1642β1649 |publisher=HarperCollins |year=1993 |page=280}}</ref> In the 18th century, [[Coffee house|coffee]] and [[Steakhouse|chop houses]] were established on the street; [[Twinings]] was established at No. 206 in 1706 by Thomas Twining, supplier of tea to Queen Anne. The company claims to be the oldest ratepayer in Westminster. The Grecian Coffee House ran from around 1702 to 1803, while Tom's ran from 1706 to around 1775. Though these premises were well-known, the alleyways around the Strand were regular haunts for pickpockets and prostitutes during this time.{{sfn|Weinreb et al.|2008|p=883}} The Rose Tavern, at the eastern end of the street, was frequented by lawyers during the 18th century. It was later demolished and became Thanet Place. The [[Crown and Anchor, Strand|Crown and Anchor]] in Arundel Street was the main meeting place for the Catholic Association, and helped established the [[Roman Catholic Relief Act 1829]]. It was later used for Catholic politicians such as [[Daniel O'Connell]] to address constituents. The original premises burned down in 1854, but was rebuilt.<ref name=onl/> [[Simpson's-in-the-Strand]] originally started at No. 100 in 1828 as a smoking and dining club.<ref>{{cite book |title=London's Best-kept Secrets |first=Mike |last=Michaelson |publisher=Passport Books |page=15 |year=1991 |isbn=978-0-8442-9638-8}}</ref> It later became a restaurant.{{sfn|Weinreb et al.|2008|p=882}} The Strand was also notable in the 18th century as a centre for the British book trade, with numerous printers and publishers along the street. The prominent bookseller [[Andrew Millar]] is an example of one of the most successful publishers who owned a shop there.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.millar-project.ed.ac.uk/manuscripts/html_output/1.html|title=The manuscripts, Letter from Andrew Millar to Andrew Mitchell, 26 August, 1766. Andrew Millar Project. University of Edinburgh.|website=www.millar-project.ed.ac.uk|access-date=3 June 2016}}</ref> In the 19th century, much of the Strand was rebuilt, and the houses to the south no longer backed onto the Thames and no longer had direct boat access, separated from the river by the [[Victoria Embankment]] constructed in 1865β1870 and reclaiming {{convert|37|acre|ha}} of land.{{sfn|Weinreb et al.|2008|p=974}} [[King's College London|King's College, London]] was founded in 1828. The historic [[King's Building, London|King's Building]], based next to the church of [[St Mary-le-Strand]], was designed by [[Robert Smirke (architect)|Robert Smirke]] and constructed in 1829β1831 to complete the riverside frontage of [[Somerset House]]. [[King's College Hospital]] opened as a branch of the college in 1840, and became a constituent part of the [[University of London]] in 1908. The current campus building was constructed between 1966 and 1972 by E.D. Jefferiss Mathews.{{sfn|Weinreb et al.|2008|p=462}} In 2015, the college acquired Strand House, Bush House and other buildings in the Aldwych Quarter.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/news/ed-byrne-new-address-is-a-defining-moment-for-kings-college-london/2019109.article|first=Jack|last=Grove|year=2015|title=Ed Byrne: 'new address is a defining moment for King's College London|work=Times Higher Education|access-date=10 September 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/news/kings-college-london-to-use-former-bbc-world-service-hq/2019036.article|first=Jack|last=Grove|year=2015|title=King's College London to use former BBC World Service HQ|work=Times Higher Education|access-date=10 September 2015}}</ref> The [[Royal Courts of Justice]], at the eastern end of the Strand, was designed in the mid-1860s by G.E. Street as a replacement for the older courts at [[Westminster Hall]], though construction was so delayed that he died shortly before [[Queen Victoria]] opened the courts in 1882. The West Green extension to the courts opened in 1911, while the Queen's Building opened in 1968.{{sfn|Weinreb et al.|2008|pp=716β7}} [[File:Twinings Strand Heritage Shop, London, UK - 20111128.jpg|thumb|right|[[Twinings]]' Tea Shop has been based on the Strand since 1706]] The architect [[John Nash (architect)|John Nash]] redeveloped the western end of the Strand in the 1830s, including the construction of [[Charing Cross Hospital]],{{sfn|Weinreb et al.|2008|p=974}} later (1990s) converted for use as Charing Cross [[police station]].<ref name="Lost">{{cite web |title=Charing Cross Hospital |url=https://ezitis.myzen.co.uk/charingcross.html |website=Lost Hospitals of London |access-date=4 December 2018}}</ref> The street became well known for theatres, and at one point contained more than any other; including the Tivoli Music Hall at No. 65, the [[Adelphi Theatre|Adelphi]], [[Gaiety Theatre, London|Gaiety]], [[Savoy Theatre|Savoy]], [[Terry's Theatre|Terry's]] and [[Vaudeville Theatre|Vaudeville]]. In the 21st century, only the Adelphi, Vaudeville and Savoy remain.{{sfn|Weinreb et al.|2008|pp=316,883,991}} The Piccadilly branch line from Holborn to Aldwych was built partly to serve theatre traffic.{{sfn|Moore|2003|p=198}} The [[Coal Hole, Strand|Coal Hole]] tavern was founded at No. 91 in the early 19th century, and frequented by coal-heavers working on the Thames.{{sfn|Weinreb et al.|2008|p=198}} The impresario [[Renton Nicholson]] held song-and-supper evenings at the inn, featuring [[tableaux vivants]].<ref>{{Cite book|first=Cyril|last=Pearl|year=1955|title=The Girl with the Swansdown Seat|location=London|publisher=Frederick Muller|pages=180β7}}</ref> The actor [[Edmund Kean]] established the Wolf Club at the venue, which is now commemorated by the Wolf Room.{{sfn|Weinreb et al.|2008|p=198}} [[Charing Cross railway station]] was built on the Strand in 1864, providing a boat train service to Europe, which stimulated the growth of hotels in the area to cater for travellers. These included the Charing Cross Hotel, attached to the station itself. Today, there are several luggage outlets and tourist agents on the Strand, as well as old postage stamp dealers.{{sfn|Moore|2003|p=200}} The [[philately|philatelist]] [[Stanley Gibbons]] opened a shop at No. 435 in 1891. It moved to No. 391 in 1893, and is currently based at No. 399.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/retailandconsumer/8407333/Stanley-Gibbons-a-timeline.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/retailandconsumer/8407333/Stanley-Gibbons-a-timeline.html |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Stanley Gibbons: A Timeline |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph |date=26 March 2011 |access-date=28 December 2015}}{{cbignore}}</ref> The [[Strand Palace Hotel]] was designed by F. J. Wills and constructed in 1925β1930. The entrance was rebuilt in 1968, with the original being moved to the [[Victoria and Albert Museum]].{{sfn|Weinreb et al.|2008|p=884}} The Strand underwent extensive redevelopment in the mid-20th century. The length of road from St Mary's eastwards up to St Clement's was widened in 1900, subsuming the former Holywell Street which forked from the Strand and ran parallel with it to the north, leaving the two churches of St Mary Le Strand and St Clement Danes as islands in the centre of the road.<ref>{{cite book |first=Harold |last=Clunn |year=1970 |title=The Face of London |pages=125β126}}</ref> The Gaiety Theatre was demolished, to be replaced by Citibank House, while [[Villiers House]] and [[New South Wales House]] were both built in 1957β1959. New South Wales House was subsequently demolished in 1996 and replaced by an office block.{{sfn|Weinreb et al.|2008|p=883}} In 1998, a statue of [[Oscar Wilde]] was built at the junction of Adelaide Street and Duncannon Street, adjoining the western end of the Strand.<ref>{{cite web |title=Oscar Wilde Archives |url=https://www.strandpalacehotel.co.uk/tag/oscar-wilde/ |url-status=dead |publisher=Strand Palace Hotel |access-date=31 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150918235629/http://www.strandpalacehotel.co.uk/tag/oscar-wilde/ |archive-date=18 September 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=London's Wilde Tribute |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/224663.stm |publisher=BBC News |date=30 November 1998 |access-date=31 December 2015}}</ref> Between January 2021<ref>{{cite web |title=FAQ Strand Aldwych |url=https://strandaldwych.org/faqs/ |access-date=1 May 2023}}</ref> and December 2022,<ref>{{cite web |title=Transformed Strand Aldwych redevelopment officially opened |url=https://www.kcl.ac.uk/news/transformed-strand-aldwych-redevelopment-opened |access-date=1 May 2023}}</ref> [[Westminster City Council]]'s Strand Aldwych Scheme works took place, pedestrianising Strand between Melbourne Place and Lancaster Place whilst [[Aldwych]] was converted into a two-way street.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tour of Strand Aldwych: A work in progress |url=https://programme.openhouse.org.uk/listings/11281 |website=programme.openhouse.org.uk}}</ref>
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