Editing Stuttgart (section)

== History ==
{{main|History of Stuttgart}}
{{for timeline|Timeline of Stuttgart}}
{{Quote box
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|{{flagicon image|Vexilloid of the Roman Empire.svg}} [[Roman Empire]] 83–475
|{{Noflag|[[Alamannia|Kingdom of Alamannia]]}} {{circa|475}}–911
|{{flagicon image|Arms of Swabia.svg}} [[Duchy of Swabia]] 915–1313
|{{flagicon image|Wuerttemberg Banner.svg}} [[Duchy of Württemberg]] 1495–1803
|{{flagicon image|Wurttflag.png}} [[Electorate of Württemberg]] 1803–1805
|{{flagicon image|Flagge Königreich Württemberg.svg}} [[Kingdom of Württemberg]] 1805–1918
|{{flag|German Empire}} 1871–1918
|{{flag|Weimar Republic}} 1918–1933
|{{flag|Nazi Germany}} 1933–1945
|{{flag|Allied-occupied Germany}} 1945–1949
|{{flag|West Germany}} 1949–1990
|{{flag|Germany}} 1990–present
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[[File:Stuttgart wappen alt.jpg|thumb|right|Stuttgart's first coat of arms (1286){{efn|The history of Stuttgart's [[coat of arms]] is long. The ''[[:File:Wolleber Chorographia Mh6-1 0091 Wappen.jpg|Chorographia Württemberg]]'' of 1591 shows a horse ''rampant'' facing ''sinister'' on a field ''argent''. ''[[Siebmachers Wappenbuch]]'' of 1605 ([[:File:Siebmacher225.jpg|p. 225]]) has the modern coat of arms, with the horse facing ''dexter'', on a field ''or''. The modern design of this coat of arms dates to 1938 (and was also adopted as part of the [[Porsche]] logo in 1952).}}]]
[[File:De Merian Sueviae 229.jpg|thumb|right|1634 Drawing of Stuttgart by [[Matthäus Merian]]]]
[[File:Stuttgart, Stadtplan, 1794, 2 farbig.jpg|thumb|right|Drawing of Stuttgart, 1794]]
[[File:Meyers b15 s0408a.jpg|thumb|right|Map of Stuttgart, 1888]]
[[File:Karte Stuttgart.png|thumb|right|Map of Stuttgart area, 1888]]
[[File:Stuttgart_between_1890_and_1905.jpg|thumb|right|View of Stuttgart from Alexanderstraße, between 1890 and 1905. The Rotebühlkaserne is visible to the left, and the [[Old Castle (Stuttgart)|Old Castle]] and [[Stiftskirche, Stuttgart|Stiftskirche]] to the right.]]
[[File:The old Market Place, Stuttgart.jpg|thumb|right|The historic Stuttgart [[Marktplatz]] looking west, 1881]]
[[File:Rathaus Stuttgart (AK 1105 H. & V. 1907 Zeno).jpg|thumb|right|Stuttgart Rathaus on the Marktplatz, 1907. The building was destroyed by [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] [[Bombing of Stuttgart in World War II|bombing]] during [[World War II]]. What was left of the building was used to build the current City Hall.]]
[[File:Villa Berg, Ansicht von Westen, koloriert, um 1910.jpg|thumb|right|Villa Berg, the summer residence of the royalty of Wurttemberg built from 1845 to 1853, in a colorized photograph from 1910]]
[[File:Daimler-motoren-gesellschaft-1911.jpg|thumb|right|A colorized photo from 1911 of the [[Daimler-Motoren-Gesellschaft]] factory in [[Untertürkheim]]. Today, this building is the seat of [[Mercedes-Benz Group]].]]
[[File:Notgeld Stuttgart 50Pf 1921.jpg|thumb|right|Front and back of a 50-pfennig ''[[Notgeld]]'' from 1921 featuring the state capital, Stuttgart]]
[[File:Wandertag Stuttgart 1938 Riesengebirgsverein Albverein.JPG|thumb|right|Demonstration at the Stuttgart Marktplatz on German Hiking Day ({{langx|de|Deutscher Wandertag}}), 1938]]
[[File:Stuttgart 1945 Zerstörung Walter Kittel Zeichnung.jpg|thumb|right|Map of the destruction of Stuttgart after the air raids]]
[[File:Neues Schloss Stuttgart (1956).jpg|right|thumb|A war-damaged [[Neues Schloss]] at [[Schlossplatz (Stuttgart)|Schlossplatz]] prior to restoration, 1956]]
[[File:Stuttgart Hauptbahnhof v. Königstraße 1965.jpg|right|thumb|Stuttgart's [[Stuttgart Hauptbahnhof|Hauptbahnhof]] from the Königstraße, 1965]]

=== Antiquity ===
Originally, the most important location in the [[Neckar]] river valley was the hilly rim of the [[:de:Stuttgarter Talkessel|Stuttgart basin]] at what is today [[Bad Cannstatt]].<ref name="StadtHist">{{cite web |title=Stuttgarter Stadtgeschichte – kurz gefasst |url=http://www.stuttgart.de/item/show/460856 |publisher=City of Stuttgart |access-date=14 October 2018 |df=dmy-all}}{{dead link|date=April 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> Thus, the first settlement of Stuttgart was a massive [[Roman Empire|Roman]] ''[[Castra]] stativa'' ([[:de:Kastell Stuttgart-Bad Cannstatt|Cannstatt Castrum]])<ref name="EBStutt"/> built {{circa|90}} [[Anno Domini|AD]] to protect the Villas and vineyards blanketing the landscape and the road from [[Roman Mogontiacum|Mogontiacum]] (now [[Mainz]]) to [[Augusta Vindelicorum]] (Augsburg). Cannstatt was a part of the Roman [[imperial province]] [[Germania Superior]].

As with many military installations, a settlement sprang up nearby and remained there even after the [[Limes (Roman Empire)|limes]] moved further east. When they did, the town was left in the capable hands of a local [[brickwork]]s that produced sophisticated architectural ceramics and pottery.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Brandl |first1=Ulrich |last2=Federhofer |first2=Emmi |title=Ton + Technik. Römische Ziegel |year=2010 |publisher=Theiss |location=Stuttgart |isbn=978-3-8062-2403-0}}</ref> When the Romans were driven back past the [[Rhine]] and [[Danube]] rivers in the third century by the [[Alamanni]],{{sfn|Gühring|2004|p=52}} the settlement temporarily vanished from history until the seventh century.<ref name="auto">{{cite web |url=https://driveline-online.de/en/early-history-of-stuttgart/ |title=Early history of Stuttgart |access-date=14 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015003024/https://driveline-online.de/en/early-history-of-stuttgart/ |archive-date=15 October 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Middle Ages ===
{{See also|Germany in the Middle Ages}}
In 700, [[Duke of Swabia|Duke]] [[Gotfrid]] mentions a "Chan Stada" in a document regarding property.<ref name="Pangloss">{{cite web |title=Chronicle Stuttgart |url=https://www.pangloss.de/cms/index.php?page=chronik-stuttgarts |publisher=Pangloss |access-date=14 October 2018 |archive-date=15 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015003027/https://www.pangloss.de/cms/index.php?page=chronik-stuttgarts |url-status=live }}</ref> Archaeological evidence shows that later [[Merovingian dynasty|Merovingian]] era [[Franks|Frankish]] farmers continued to till the same land the Romans did.{{sfn|Kirn|2007}}

Cannstatt is mentioned in the [[Abbey of Saint Gall|Abbey of St. Gall]]'s archives as "''Canstat ad Neccarum''" ({{langx|de|Cannstatt-on-Neckar}}) in 708.{{citation needed|date=October 2016}} The [[etymology]] of the name "''Cannstatt''" is not clear, but as the site is mentioned as ''condistat'' in the [[Annals of Metz]] (9th century),{{citation needed|date=October 2016}} it is mostly derived from the Latin word ''condita'' ("foundation"), suggesting that the name of the Roman settlement might have had the prefix "''Condi-''". Alternatively, Sommer (1992) suggested that the Roman site corresponds to the ''Civitas Aurelia G'' attested to in an inscription found near [[Öhringen]].<ref>C. Sebastian Sommer, "Die städtischen Siedlungen im rechtsrheinischen Obergermanien" in: ''Die römische Stadt im 2. Jahrhundert n. Chr. Der Funktionswandel des öffentlichen Raumes'', (Xantener Berichte 2, 1992, 119 ff.</ref> There have also been attempts at a derivation from a Gaulish ''*kondâti-'' "confluence".<ref name="auto"/><ref>{{cite book |title=Imperium Romanum. Roms Provinzen an Neckar, Rhein und Donau |editor-first=Susanne |editor-last=Schmidt |publisher=Theiss, Konrad |year=2007 |pages=80–84 |isbn=9783806221404 |first=Albrecht |last=Greule |chapter=Keltische Ortsnamen in Baden-Württemberg. Wir können alles – außer Latein}}</ref>

In [[Anno Domini|AD]] 950, [[Liudolf, Duke of Swabia|Duke Liudolf]] of [[Swabia]], son of the current [[Holy Roman Emperor]] [[Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor|Otto I]], decided to establish a stud farm for his cavalry during the [[Hungarian invasions of Europe]] on a widened area of the [[Nesenbach]] river valley {{cvt|5|km|mi}} south of the old Roman castrum.<ref name="StadtHist"/> The land and title of [[Duke of Swabia]] remained in Liudolf's hands until his rebellion was quashed by his father four years later. In 1089, Bruno of Calw built the precursor building to the [[Old Castle (Stuttgart)|Old Castle]].<ref name="Pangloss"/>

[[Viticulture in Stuttgart|Stuttgart's viticulture]], first documented in the [[Holy Roman Empire]] in the year AD 1108,<ref name="Pangloss"/> kept people in the area of that stud farm for some time, but the area was still largely overshadowed by nearby Cannstatt because of its role as a local crossroad for many major European trade routes.<ref name="WorldTravGuide">{{cite web |title=The History of Stuttgart |publisher=World Travel Guide |access-date=13 October 2013 |url=https://www.worldtravelguide.net/guides/europe/germany/stuttgart/history/ |archive-date=30 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170430140531/http://www.worldtravelguide.net/guides/europe/germany/stuttgart/history/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Nevertheless, the existence of a settlement here (despite the terrain being more suited for that original stud farm) during the [[High Middle Ages]] is provided by a gift registry from [[Hirsau Abbey]] dated to around 1160 that mentions a "Hugo de Stuokarten".<ref name="Pangloss"/> A settlement at this locale was again mentioned in 1229, but this time by [[Pope Gregory IX]].<ref name="GeschStutt1"/> In AD 1219, Stuttgart (then Stuotgarten) became a possession of [[Herman V, Margrave of Baden-Baden|Herman V]], [[List of rulers of Baden|Margrave of Baden]].<ref name="GeschStutt1"/> In addition to [[Backnang]], [[Pforzheim]], and [[Besigheim]], Hermann would also found the Stuttgart we know today in {{Circa|1220}}.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Pantel |first1=Mike |title=History of Baden-Württemberg |url=http://www.pantel-web.de/bw_mirror/history/bw304_e.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180318204204/http://www.pantel-web.de/bw_mirror/history/bw304_e.htm |archive-date=18 March 2018 |access-date=14 October 2018}}</ref> In 1251, the city passed to the [[Ulrich I, Count of Württemberg|Ulrich I]] [[House of Württemberg|von Württemberg]] as part of Mechthild von Baden's [[dowry]]. His son, [[Eberhard I, Count of Württemberg|Eberhard I]] "the Illustrious",<ref name="GeschStutt1"/> would be the first to begin the many major expansions of Stuttgart under the House of Württemberg.

Eberhard desired to expand the realm his father had built through military action with the aid of the [[anti-king]] [[Henry Raspe, Landgrave of Thuringia|Henry Raspe IV]], [[Landgrave of Thuringia]], but was thwarted by the action of Emperor [[Rudolf I of Germany|Rudolph I]]. Further resistance by Eberhard I against the Emperor's created [[Vogt]]s and [[Bailiwick]]s as well as the newly appointed Duke of Swabia [[Rudolf II, Duke of Austria]], eventually led to armed conflict and initial successes upon Emperor Rudolph I's death in 1291 against the Emperor's men. After initially defeating his regional rivals, [[Henry VII, Holy Roman Emperor|Henry VII]], newly elected as Emperor, decided to take action against Eberhard I in 1311 during his war with the [[Free imperial city]] of [[Esslingen am Neckar|Esslingen]] by ordering his Vogt, Konrad IV von Weinberg, to declare war on Eberhard I. Eberhard I, defeated on the battlefield, lost Stuttgart and his castle (razed in 1311){{sfn|Dorling|2001|p=294}} to Esslingen and the city was thus managed by the city state from 1312 to 1315.<ref name="GeschStutt1"/> Total destruction of the county was prevented by Henry VII's death on 24 August 1313 and the elections of [[Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor|Louis IV]] as King of the Germans and [[Frederick the Fair|Frederick III]] as anti-king. Eberhard seized the opportunity granted to him by the political chaos, and recaptured his hometown and birthplace in 1316,<ref name="GesichichtePDF">{{cite web |url=https://www.stuttgart.de/img/mdb/item/13822/10893.pdf |title=Stadtarchiv Stuttgart – Stuttgarter Stadtgeschichte im Überblick |trans-title=City Archive Stuttgart – An overview of Stuttgart's city history |access-date=14 October 2018 |language=de}}{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> and made much territorial gain. With peace restored at last, Eberhard began repairs and expansion to Stuttgart beginning with the reconstruction of [[Wirtemberg Castle]], ancestral home to the House of Württemberg, in 1317 and then began expansion of the city's defenses. The early 1320s were important years for Stuttgart: Eberhard I moved the seat of the county to the city to a [[Old Castle (Stuttgart)|new and expanded castle]],<ref name="LanMus:AltSch">{{cite web |title=Altes Schloss |url=https://www.landesmuseum-stuttgart.de/museen-und-institutionen/altes-schloss/ |publisher=Landesmuseum Wurttemberg |access-date=14 October 2018 |archive-date=15 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015002841/https://www.landesmuseum-stuttgart.de/museen-und-institutionen/altes-schloss/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> the [[collegiate church]] in [[Beutelsbach (Weinstadt)|Beutelsbach]], where previous members of the Württemberg dynasty had been buried prior to its destruction in 1311,<ref name="GesichichtePDF"/> moved to its [[Württemberg Mausoleum|current location in Stuttgart]] in 1320,<ref name="GesichichtePDF"/> and the town's Stiftkirche was expanded into an abbey, and the control of the Martinskirche by the Bishopric of Constance was broken by Papal order in 1321.<ref name="GesichichtePDF"/> A year after the city became the principal seat of the Counts of Württemberg in 1320,<ref name="EBStutt"/> the city was granted status as a city and given civic rights.<ref name="EBStutt"/> At the end of the 14th century, new suburbs sprang up around Leonhard Church and near the city's fortifications as well. Towards the end of the 15th century, Count [[Ulrich V, Count of Württemberg|Ulrich V]] began construction of a new suburb on the northeastern edge of the city around the [[Dominican Order|Dominican]] [[monastery]] Hospitalkirche. In the 1457, the first Landtag of the [[Estates of Württemberg]] was established in Stuttgart and a similar institution was established in [[Leonberg]]. After the temporary partitions of the County of Württemberg by the [[Treaty of Nürtingen|Treaties of Nürtingen]], [[Treaty of Münsingen|Münsingen]], and Esslingen, Stuttgart was once again declared the capital of the county in 1483.<ref name="GesichichtePDF"/>

=== Early Modern era ===
In 1488, Stuttgart officially became the de facto residence of the Count himself as opposed to the location of his home, the Old Castle.<ref name="StuttInfo"/> [[Eberhard I, Duke of Württemberg|Eberhard I]], then Count Eberhard V, became the first [[Duke of Württemberg]]{{efn|This type of sovereign royal duke was known in Germany as a ''[[Herzog]]''.}} in 1495,<ref name="StadtHist"/> and made Stuttgart the seat of the [[Duchy of Württemberg]] in addition to the County thereof. All this would be lost to the Württembergs during the reign of his son, [[Ulrich, Duke of Württemberg|Ulrich]]. Though Ulrich initially made territorial gains as a result of his decision to fight alongside the Emperor [[Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor|Maximilian I]],<ref name="EBUlrichDuke">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Ulrich, Duke of Württemberg |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ulrich-duke-of-Wurttemberg |year=2009 |access-date=14 October 2018 |archive-date=16 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181116042723/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ulrich-duke-of-Wurttemberg |url-status=live }}</ref> he was no friend of the powerful [[Swabian League]] nor of his own subjects,<ref name="EBUlrichDuke"/> who launched the [[Poor Conrad]] rebellion of 1514.<ref name="Peasant Rebellions">{{cite web |url=http://www.mlwerke.de/me/me07/me07_359.htm |title=Vorläufer des großen Bauernkriegs zwischen 1476 und 1517 |trans-title=Forerunner of the great Peasants' War between 1476 and 1517 |access-date=14 October 2018 |language=de |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110501073843/http://www.mlwerke.de/me/me07/me07_359.htm |archive-date=1 May 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Tax Rebellions">{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LrvxuLs101cC&pg=PT189 |title=A World History of Tax Rebellions: An Encyclopedia of Tax Rebels, Revolts, and Riots from Antiquity to the Present |first=David F. |last=Burg |isbn=9781135959999 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2004 |chapter=Tax Rebellions |access-date=20 July 2014 |archive-date=19 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200819142739/https://books.google.com/books?id=LrvxuLs101cC&pg=PT189 |url-status=live }}</ref> Despite this and his rivalry with the Swabian League, his undoing would actually come in the form of his unhappy marriage to [[Sabina of Bavaria, Duchess of Württemberg|Sabina of Bavaria]].{{sfn|Bietenholz|Deutscher|2003|p=464}} In 1515, Ulrich killed an imperial knight and lover of Sabina's by the name of Hans von Hutten,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://geschichtsverein-koengen.de/Ulrich.htm |title=Herzog Ulrich von Württemberg – Der Mord im Böblinger Wald |trans-title=Duke Ulrich of Württemberg – The Murder in the Böblinger Forest |website=Geschichtsverein-koengen.de |date=26 August 2013 |access-date=14 October 2018 |language=de |archive-date=18 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190418154144/http://geschichtsverein-koengen.de/Ulrich.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> obliging her to flee to the court of her brother, [[William IV, Duke of Bavaria|William IV]], [[Duke of Bavaria]], who successfully had Ulrich placed under [[Imperial ban]] twice. When the Emperor died in 1519, Ulrich struck, seizing the Free Imperial City of [[Reutlingen]], prompting the League to intervene. That same year, Ulrich was soundly defeated and he was driven into exile in France and Switzerland following the League's conquest of Württemberg.<ref name="EBUlrichDuke"/> Württemberg was then sold by the League to Emperor [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles V]],<ref>{{EB1911|inline=1|wstitle=Ulrich|volume=27|pages=567–568}} This work in turn cites:
*L. F. Heyd, ''Ulrich, Herzog zu Württemberg'' (Tübingen, 1841–1844)
*B. Kugler, ''Ulrich, Herzog zu Württemberg'' (Stuttgart, 1865)
*H. Ulmann, ''Fünf Jahre württembergischer Geschichte 1515–1519'' (Leipzig, 1867)
*[[Johannes Janssen]], ''Geschichte des deutschen Volkes seit dem Ausgang des Mittelalters'' (Freiburg, 1890) Eng. trans. by A. M. Christie and M. A. Mitchell (London, 1900 seq.)
*C. F. von Stälin, ''Wirtembergische Geschichte. Bd. iv.'' (Stuttgart, 1873)
*J. Wille, ''Philipp der Grossmüthige von Hessen und die Restitution Ulrichs von Wirtemberg'' (Tübingen, 1882)</ref> who then granted it to his brother, [[Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor|Ferdinand I]], thus beginning the 12 year ownership of the county by the [[Habsburgs]].<ref name="WorldTravGuide"/> When the peasants Ulrich had crushed before rose once again in the [[German Peasants' War]],<ref name="Peasant Rebellions"/><ref name="Tax Rebellions"/> Stuttgart was occupied by the peasant armies for a few days in the Spring of 1525. Ulrich, with the help of [[Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse|Philip I]], [[Landgrave of Hesse]], seized the chance to restore himself to power (albeit as an Austrian vassal)<ref name="EBUlrichDuke"/> in the turmoil of the [[Protestant Reformation|Reformation]] and [[Ottoman–Habsburg wars#Habsburg advance|War with the]] [[Ottoman Empire|Turks]] and invited [[Erhard Schnepf]] to bring the Reformation to Stuttgart. He accepted, was named Court Preacher in Stuttgart, and worked in concert with [[Ambrosius Blarer]] until his dismissal following his resistance to the [[Augsburg Interim]] by the Duke in 1548.<ref>{{cite web |title=Schnepf, Erhard |url=http://cyclopedia.lcms.org/display.asp?t1=S&word=SCHNEPF.ERHARD |publisher=Christian Cyclopedia |access-date=14 October 2018 |archive-date=15 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015003037/http://cyclopedia.lcms.org/display.asp?t1=S&word=SCHNEPF.ERHARD |url-status=dead}}</ref> Duke Ulrich himself died two years later, and was succeeded by his son, [[Christoph, Duke of Württemberg|Christoph]]. He had grown up in a Württemberg in turmoil and wished to rebuild its image. To this end, he once again began a construction boom all over the Duchy under the direction of Court Architect Aberlin Tretsch;{{sfn|Fuchs|2004|p=50}} knowing full well that the time of the Reisekönigtum was over, Christoph and Tretsch rebuilt and remodeled the Old Castle into a [[Renaissance]] palace,<ref name="LanMus:AltSch"/> and from 1542 to 1544, what is today the [[Schillerplatz (Stuttgart)|Schillerplatz]] was built as a town square.<ref name="StadtHist"/> Duke Christoph also responded to the increasing made for drinking water by embarking upon a massive [[hydraulic engineering]] project in the form of a {{cvt|2810|ft|m}} tunnel to Pffaf Lake, the [[Glems]], and the [[Nesenbach]] from 1566 to 1575. In 1575, Georg Beer was also appointed Court Architect, and he built the Lusthaus. But it was architect Heinrich Schickhardt who would carry Tretsch's torch further; Schickhardt constructed the Stammheim Castle in the suburb of Stammheim, rebuilt the Fruchtkasten in the today's Schillerplatz,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://digital.wlb-stuttgart.de/sammlungen/sammlungsliste/werksansicht/?no_cache=1&tx_dlf%5Bid%5D=5186&tx_dlf%5Bpage%5D=1 |title=Werksansicht |website=Digital.wlb-stuttgart.de |access-date=14 October 2018 |archive-date=15 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015042055/http://digital.wlb-stuttgart.de/sammlungen/sammlungsliste/werksansicht/?no_cache=1&tx_dlf%5Bid%5D=5186&tx_dlf%5Bpage%5D=1 |url-status=live }}</ref> and expanded the Prinzebau.<ref>{{cite web |title=Prinzebau Stuttgart |url=https://www.stuttgart-tourist.de/a-prinzenbau |publisher=Stuttgart Marketing GmbH |access-date=14 October 2018 |archive-date=15 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015042036/https://www.stuttgart-tourist.de/a-prinzenbau |url-status=live }}</ref>

The [[Thirty Years' War]] devastated the city,<ref name="GeschStutt2">{{cite web |title=Die Geschichte von Stuttgart: Die Neuzeit (1500 bis 1800) |trans-title=The History of Stuttgart: The Modern Era (1500 to 1800) |url=http://www.stuttgart-geschichte.de/history/neuzeit.html |work=Die Geschichte von Stuttgart |year=2008 |access-date=14 October 2018 |language=de |archive-date=15 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015042052/http://www.stuttgart-geschichte.de/history/neuzeit.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and it would slowly decline for a period of time from then on.<ref name="EBStutt"/> After the catastrophic defeat of the Protestant [[Heilbronn League]] by the Habsburgs at [[Battle of Nördlingen (1634)|Nörlingen]] in 1634, [[Eberhard III, Duke of Württemberg|Duke Eberhard III]] and his court fled in exile to [[Strasbourg]], abandoning the Duchy to looting by pro-[[House of Habsburg|Habsburg]] forces. The Habsburgs once again had full reign of the city for another four years, and in that time Stuttgart had to carry the burden of billeting the pro-Habsburg armies in [[Swabia]]. [[Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor|Ferdinand III]], [[King of the Romans]], entered the city in 1634 and, two years later in 1636, once again attempted to re-Catholicize Württemberg.{{sfn|Dieterle|p=33}} The next year, the [[Bubonic plague]] struck and devastated the population.{{sfn|Dieterle|p=34}} The Duke returned in 1638 to a realm somewhat partitioned to Catholic factions in the region, and entirely ravaged by the war. In the Duchy itself, battle, [[famine]], [[Plague (disease)|plague]] and war reduced the Duchy's population of 350,000 in 1618 to 120,000 in 1648 – about 57% of the population of Württemberg.{{sfn|Wilson|2009|p=789}} Recovery would be slow for the next several decades, but began nonetheless with the city's first bookstore in 1650 and high school in 1686.{{sfn|Dieterle|p=37}} This progress was almost entirely undone when [[Kingdom of France|French]] soldiers under [[Ezéchiel du Mas, Comte de Mélac|Ezéchiel du Mas]] appeared outside the city's walls in 1688 during the [[Nine Years' War]],{{sfn|Dieterle|p=37}} but the city was saved from another sack due to the diplomatic ability of [[Magdalena Sibylla of Hesse-Darmstadt|Magdalena Sibylla]],{{sfn|Dieterle|p=37}} reigning over Württemberg as regent for her son,<ref>{{cite web |title=Das Leben der Magdalena Sibylla von Hessen Darmstadt: Grafentochter wird Herzogin |url=https://www.echo-online.de/freizeit/kunst-und-kultur/kulturnachrichten/das-leben-der-magdalena-sibylla-von-hessen-darmstadt-grafentochter-wird-herzogin_15334823 |website=echo-online.de |publisher=Echo |access-date=14 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015002936/https://www.echo-online.de/freizeit/kunst-und-kultur/kulturnachrichten/das-leben-der-magdalena-sibylla-von-hessen-darmstadt-grafentochter-wird-herzogin_15334823 |archive-date=15 October 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Eberhard Louis, Duke of Württemberg|Eberhard Ludwig]].{{Citation needed|date=May 2024}}

For the first time in centuries, Duke Eberhard Ludwig moved the seat of the Duchy out of the declining city of Stuttgart in 1718 to [[Ludwigsburg]], founded in 1704, while the [[Ludwigsburg Palace|namesake Baroque palace]], known as the "Versailles of Swabia",{{sfn|Dorling|2001|p=292}} was still under construction.{{sfn|Dorling|2001|p=292}} When Eberhard Ludwig died, his nephew [[Charles Alexander, Duke of Württemberg|Charles Alexander]], ascended to the throne.<ref name="GeschStutt2"/> Charles Alexander himself died in 1737, meaning his son [[Charles Eugene, Duke of Württemberg|Charles Eugene]] became the premature Duke (and later King) at the age of nine. When he came of age and returned from his tutoring at the court of [[Frederick the Great]], [[King of Prussia]], Charles desired to move the capital back to Stuttgart. He commissioned the construction of the [[New Palace (Stuttgart)|New Castle]] in 1746,<ref>{{cite web |title=Neues Schloss Stuttgart |url=https://www.stuttgart-tourist.de/a-neues-schloss-stuttgart |website=Region Stuttgart |publisher=Stuttgart Marketing GmbH |access-date=14 October 2018 |archive-date=15 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015002901/https://www.stuttgart-tourist.de/a-neues-schloss-stuttgart |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Castle Solitude]] in 1763,<ref>{{cite web |title=Solitude Palace |url=https://www.schloss-solitude.de/en/home/ |publisher=Baden-Wurttemberg |access-date=14 October 2018 |archive-date=4 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180904084827/https://www.schloss-solitude.de/en/home/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Castle Hohenheim]] in 1785,<ref>{{cite web |title=Schloss Hohenheim |url=https://www.stuttgart.de/item/show/138049/1/dept/108620 |publisher=City of Stuttgart |access-date=14 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118094453/https://www.stuttgart.de/item/show/138049/1/dept/108620 |archive-date=18 January 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref> and the [[Karlsschule Stuttgart|Karlsschule]] in 1770.<ref>{{cite web |title=Akademie |url=http://www.schlossgarten.de/un/akademie/akademiegebaeude.html |publisher=das Gebäude |access-date=14 October 2018 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030217190256/http://www.schlossgarten.de/un/akademie/akademiegebaeude.html |archive-date=17 February 2003}}</ref> The rule of Charles Eugene also saw the tutoring and origins of [[Friedrich Schiller]] in Stuttgart, who studied medicine and completed [[The Robbers]] here.<ref name="GeschStutt2"/> Stuttgart, at the end of the 18th century, remained a very provincial town of 20,000 residents, narrow alleys, and agriculture and livestock. Despite being the capital and seat of the Duchy, the general staff of the [[Army of Württemberg]] was not present in the city.{{sfn|Dieterle|p=47}} In 1794, Duke Charles dissolved the Karlsschule to prevent the spreading of revolutionary ideas.

Stuttgart was proclaimed capital once more when Württemberg became an electorate in 1803,<ref name="StadtHist"/> and was yet again named as capital when the [[Kingdom of Württemberg]] was formed in 1805 by the [[Peace of Pressburg (1805)|Peace of Pressburg]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Le traité de paix de Presbourg, 26 décembre 1805 |url=https://www.napoleon.org/histoire-des-2-empires/articles/le-traite-de-paix-de-presbourg-26-decembre-1805/ |publisher=Napoleon.org |access-date=14 October 2018 |language=fr |archive-date=25 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210825213339/https://www.napoleon.org/histoire-des-2-empires/articles/le-traite-de-paix-de-presbourg-26-decembre-1805/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Kingdom of Württemberg and German Empire ===
King [[Frederick of Württemberg|Frederick I]]'s Württemberg was given high status in the [[Confederation of the Rhine]] among the College of Kings, and the lands of nearby secondary German states.<ref name="EBConfedRhine">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Confederation of the Rhine |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Confederation-of-the-Rhine |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |year=2009 |access-date=14 October 2018 |archive-date=15 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015003601/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Confederation-of-the-Rhine |url-status=live }}</ref> Within Stuttgart, the royal residence was expanded under Frederick although many of Stuttgart's most important buildings, including [[Wilhelm Palais|Wilhelm Palace]], Katharina Hospital, the [[Staatsgalerie Stuttgart|State Gallery]], the Villa Berg and the [[Königsbau]] were built under the reign of [[William I of Württemberg|King Wilhelm I]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://portal.dnb.de/opac.htm?method=simpleSearch&cqlMode=true&query=nid%3D119308282 |title=DNB, Katalog der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek |language=de |website=Portal.d-nb.de |access-date=14 October 2018 |archive-date=15 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015002927/https://portal.dnb.de/opac.htm?method=simpleSearch&cqlMode=true&query=nid%3D119308282 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1818. King Wilhelm I and [[Catherine Pavlovna of Russia|Queen Catherine]] in an attempt to assuage the suffering caused by the [[Year Without a Summer|Year Without Summer]] and following famine,<ref>{{cite web |title=Die Geschichte des Cannstatter Volksfestes |url=http://www.cannstatter-volksfestverein.de/seiten/volksfest/geschichte.html |publisher=Cannstatter Volkfest |access-date=14 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303222832/http://www.cannstatter-volksfestverein.de/seiten/volksfest/geschichte.html |archive-date=3 March 2016 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}</ref> introduced the first [[Cannstatter Volksfest]] to celebrate the year's bountiful harvest.<ref name="StuttInfo"/><ref name="StadtHist"/> [[University of Hohenheim|Hohenheim University]] was founded in 1818,<ref>{{cite web |title=History: University of Hohenheim |url=https://www.uni-hohenheim.de/history |publisher=University of Hohenheim |access-date=14 October 2018 |archive-date=15 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015003127/https://www.uni-hohenheim.de/history |url-status=live }}</ref> and two years later the [[Württemberg Mausoleum]] as completed on the hill where [[Wirtemberg Castle]] once stood.

From the outset of the 19th century, Stuttgart's development was once again impeded by its location (population of the city at the time was around 50,000),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.statistik.baden-wuerttemberg.de/Veroeffentl/Statistische_Berichte/3121_07004.pdf |title=Statistical Reports of Baden-Württemberg |publisher=Statistik.baden-wuerttemberg.de |date=6 October 2008 |access-date=14 October 2018 |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 March 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304044947/http://www.statistik.baden-wuerttemberg.de/Veroeffentl/Statistische_Berichte/3121_07004.pdf}}</ref> but the city began to experience the beginning of economic revival with the opening of the [[Stuttgart Hauptbahnhof|Main Station]] in 1846. Prior to then, the signs of rebirth in Stuttgart were evidenced by the construction of such buildings of [[Rosenstein Castle]] in 1822–1830, the [[Wilhelmspalais]] 1834–1840, and the foundations of the [[Staatsgalerie Stuttgart|Staatsgalerie]] in 1843, [[University of Stuttgart]] in 1829,<ref>{{cite web |title=Profile |url=https://www.uni-stuttgart.de/en/university/profile/ |publisher=University of Stuttgart |access-date=14 October 2018 |archive-date=7 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807151132/https://www.uni-stuttgart.de/en/university/profile/ |url-status=live }}</ref> the [[State University of Music and Performing Arts Stuttgart|University of Music and Performing Arts]] later, in 1857.<ref>{{cite web |title=Geschichte der Hochschule |url=https://www.hmdk-stuttgart.de/unsere-hochschule/geschichte-der-hochschule/ |publisher=Musikhochschule Stuttgart |access-date=14 October 2018 |archive-date=19 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181119035849/https://www.hmdk-stuttgart.de/unsere-hochschule/geschichte-der-hochschule/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Stuttgart had a role to play during the [[Revolutions of 1848 in the German states|revolution of 1848/1849]] as well. When internal divisions of the [[Frankfurt Parliament]] began the demise of that congress, the majority of the Frankfurt Congress voted to move to Stuttgart to flee the reach of the Prussian and Austrian armies in Frankfurt and [[Mainz]].{{sfn|Kitchen|2000|p=187}} Even though the Congress may have had contacts with revolutionaries in [[Grand Duchy of Baden|Baden]] and [[Kingdom of Württemberg|Württemberg]],{{sfn|Kitchen|2000|p=188}} the Congress, not popular with the content citizens of Stuttgart,{{sfn|Kitchen|2000|p=188}} were driven out by the King's army.{{sfn|Kitchen|2000|p=188}}

Stuttgart's literary tradition also bore yet more fruits, being the home of such writers of national importance as [[Wilhelm Hauff]], [[Ludwig Uhland]], [[Gustav Schwab]], and [[Eduard Mörike]].<ref name="GeschStutt3">{{cite web |title=Die Geschichte von Stuttgart: Die Moderne (ab 1800) |trans-title=History of Stuttgart: Modern Era (after 1800) |url=http://www.stuttgart-geschichte.de/history/moderne.html |work=Die Geschichte von Stuttgart |year=2008 |access-date=14 October 2018 |language=de |archive-date=22 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181122181934/http://www.stuttgart-geschichte.de/history/moderne.html |url-status=live }}</ref> From 1841 to 1846, the Jubiläumssäule was erected on the [[Schlossplatz (Stuttgart)|Schlossplatz]] before the New Palace according to the plans of [[Johann Michael Knapp]] to celebrate the rule of King Wilhelm I.<ref>{{cite web |title=Jubiläumssäule |url=https://www.stuttgart.de/item/show/305802/1/dept/130664? |publisher=City of Stuttgart |access-date=14 October 2018 |archive-date=1 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190701193005/https://www.stuttgart.de/item/show/305802/1/dept/130664 |url-status=live }}</ref> A decade later, the [[Königsbau]] was constructed by Knapp and court architect [[Christian Friedrich von Leins]] as a concert hall.<ref>{{cite web |title=Königsbau |url=http://www.stuttgart-informationen.de/sehenswuerdigkeiten-stuttgart/Koenigsbau.html |publisher=Stuttgart Information |access-date=14 October 2018 |archive-date=10 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170810104336/http://www.stuttgart-informationen.de/sehenswuerdigkeiten-stuttgart/Koenigsbau.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Another milestone in Stuttgart's history was the running of the first rail line from Cannstatt to [[Untertürkheim]] on 22 October 1845. The advent of [[Industrialisation]] in Germany heralded a major growth of population for Stuttgart: In 1834, Stuttgart counted 35,200 inhabitants,<ref name="PopPDF">{{cite web |url=https://service.stuttgart.de/lhs-services/komunis/documents/8453_1.PDF |title=Historische Einwohnerzahlen der Stuttgarter Stadtbezirke und Stadtteile 1834 bis 1900 |language=de |access-date=14 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410112546/http://service.stuttgart.de/lhs-services/komunis/documents/8453_1.PDF |archive-date=10 April 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> rose to 50,000 in 1852, 69,084 inhabitants in 1864,<ref name="PopPDF"/> and finally 91,000 residents in 1871.<ref name="PopPDF"/> By 1874, Stuttgart once again exceeded the 100,000 inhabitant mark. This number doubled, due to the incorporation of local towns, to approximately 185,000 in 1901 and then 200,000 in 1904. In 1871, Württemberg joined the [[German Empire]] created by [[Otto von Bismarck]], [[Minister President of Prussia|Prime Minister of Prussia]], during the [[Unification of Germany]], as an autonomous kingdom.
[[File:Stadtweiterung Stuttgart.svg|thumb|Territorial expansion of Stuttgart from 1836 to 1942]]
Stuttgart is purported to be the location of the automobile's invention by [[Karl Benz]] and then industrialized by [[Gottlieb Daimler]] and [[Wilhelm Maybach]] in a small workshop in [[Bad Cannstatt]] that would become [[Daimler-Motoren-Gesellschaft]] in 1887.<ref name="Where Business Meets the Future">''Stuttgart – Where Business Meets the Future.'' CD issued by Stuttgart Town Hall, Department for Economic Development, 2005.</ref> As a result, it is considered to be the starting point of the worldwide [[automotive industry]] and is sometimes referred to as the 'cradle of the automobile',<ref name=Amondson/> and today [[Mercedes-Benz]] and [[Porsche]] both have their headquarters in Stuttgart, as well as automotive parts giants [[Robert Bosch GmbH|Bosch]] and [[Mahle GmbH|Mahle]]. The year prior, [[Robert Bosch]] opened his first "Workshop for Precision Mechanics and Electrical Engineering" in Stuttgart. In 1907, the [[International Socialist Congress, Stuttgart 1907|International Socialist Congress]] was held in Stuttgart was attended by about 60,000 people.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lenin: The International Socialist Congress in Stuttgart (Proletary) |url=https://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1907/oct/20.htm |website=marxists.org |access-date=14 October 2018 |archive-date=15 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180715174552/https://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1907/oct/20.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1912, [[VfB Stuttgart]] was founded.<ref name="GeschStutt3"/> Two years later, the current iteration of the [[Stuttgart Hauptbahnhof]] was completed according to plan by [[Paul Bonatz]] from 1914 to 1927.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hauptbahnhof Stuttgart |url=https://www.stuttgart.de/item/show/137990/1 |publisher=City of Stuttgart |access-date=14 October 2018 |archive-date=19 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161019003906/http://www.stuttgart.de/item/show/137990/1 |url-status=live }}</ref>

During [[World War I]], the city was a target of air raids. In 1915, 29 bombs struck the city and the nearby Rotebühlkaserne, killing four soldiers and injuring another 43, and likewise killing four civilians. The next major air raid on Stuttgart occurred 15 September 1918, when structural damage caused house collapses that killed eleven people.{{sfn|Dunkel|2014|pp=132–135}}

=== Weimar Republic ===
At the end of the First World War, [[November Revolution of 1918|November revolutionaries]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Germans Request Armistice |url=http://www.historyplace.com/worldhistory/firstworldwar/index-1918.html |publisher=The History Place |work=1918: A Fateful Ending |access-date=14 October 2018 |archive-date=2 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140702131808/http://www.historyplace.com/worldhistory/firstworldwar/index-1918.html |url-status=live }}</ref> stormed the Wilhelmpalais on 30 November 1918 to force King [[Wilhelm II of Württemberg|Wilhelm II]] to abdicate, but failed halfway. Under pressure from the revolutionaries, Wilhelm II refused the crown, but also refused to abdicate the throne.<ref>{{cite book |first=Paul |last=Sauer |title=Württembergs letzter König: Das Leben Wilhelms II |isbn=978-3421067029 |language=de |year=1994|publisher=Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt }}</ref> When he did eventually abdicate, the [[Freistaat|Free State]] of [[Free People's State of Württemberg|Württemberg]] was established as a part of the [[Weimar Republic]], and Stuttgart was declared its capital. On 26 April 1919, a new constitution was devised, and the final draft was approved and ratified on 25 September 1919 by the Constituent Assembly. In 1920, Stuttgart temporarily became the seat of the German National Government when the administration fled from [[Berlin]] from the [[Kapp Putsch]].{{sfn|Haffner|2004|p=225–226}} Also in 1920, [[Erwin Rommel]] became the company commander of the 13th Infantry Regiment based in Stuttgart and would remain as such for the next nine years.{{sfn|Butler|p=99}}

=== Nazi Germany ===
Due to the [[Nazi Party]]'s practice of ''[[Gleichschaltung]]'', Stuttgart's political importance as state capital became totally nonexistent, though it remained the cultural and economic centre of the central [[Neckar river|Neckar]] region. Stuttgart, one of the cities bestowed an [[Honorary city titles in Nazi Germany|honorary title]] by the Nazi regime, was given the moniker "City of the [[German diaspora|Abroad Germans]]" in 1936.<ref name="Strölin">{{cite web |url=https://www.stuttgart.de/item/show/147171/1 |title=Karl Strölin |access-date=14 October 2018 |archive-date=17 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190917084851/https://www.stuttgart.de/item/show/147171/1 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |publisher=Stuttgart Zeitung newspaper, online historical archive |title=Von Zeit zu Zeit |url=http://www.von-zeit-zu-zeit.de/index.php?template=bild&media_id=391=Official_Stuttgarter_Zeitung |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161006152605/http://www.von-zeit-zu-zeit.de/index.php?template=bild&media_id=391=Official_Stuttgarter_Zeitung |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 October 2016 |date=May 2008 |access-date=14 October 2018 |language=de}}</ref><ref name="stuttg">{{cite web |first=Roland |last=Müller |url=http://www.schutzbauten-stuttgart.de/pages/de/termine/rFCckblick/24.03.2007--erste-feuerbacher-kulturnacht/historische-filme.php |title=Die Stuttgarter Kriegsfilmchronik – Ein besonderer Bestand im Stadtarchiv |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927064737/http://www.schutzbauten-stuttgart.de/pages/de/termine/rFCckblick/24.03.2007--erste-feuerbacher-kulturnacht/historische-filme.php |archive-date=27 September 2007 |access-date=14 October 2018}} (Uppsats)</ref> The first prototypes of the [[Volkswagen Beetle]] were manufactured in Stuttgart, according to designs by [[Ferdinand Porsche]], by a design team including [[Erwin Komenda]] and [[Karl Rabe]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Barber |first=Chris |title=Birth of the Beetle: the development of the Volkswagen by Ferdinand Porsche |publisher=Haynes Publishing |year=2003 |isbn=1-85960-959-7}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last=Gilmore |first=Bob |title=The KdF Brochure |magazine=VW Trends |date=April 1985 |page=45}}</ref>

The [[Hotel Silber]] ({{langx|en|Silver}}), previously occupied by other forms of [[political police]], was occupied by the [[Gestapo]] in 1933 to detain and torture political dissidents.<ref>{{cite web |title=Staatspolizeileitstelle im Hotel Silber |url=https://www.geschichtsort-hotel-silber.de/das-netz-der-gestapo/stuttgart/staatspolizeileitstelle-im-hotel-silber/ |publisher=Hotel Silber |access-date=14 October 2018 |archive-date=15 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015002832/https://www.geschichtsort-hotel-silber.de/das-netz-der-gestapo/stuttgart/staatspolizeileitstelle-im-hotel-silber/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The hotel was used for the transit of Nazi prisoners of conscience including [[Eugen Bolz]], [[Kurt Schumacher]], and [[Lilo Herrmann]] to [[concentration camps]]. The nearby court at Archive Street ({{langx|de|Archivstraße}}) 12A was also used as a central location for executions in Southwest Germany, as the headstone located in its atrium dedicated to the 419 lives lost there recalls.{{sfn|Federal|1995|p=87}} Participants of the [[Kristallnacht]] burned the [[Old Synagogue (Stuttgart)|Old Synagogue]] to the ground<ref>{{cite web |title=Stuttgart – Baden-Württemberg's Jewish Centre |url=http://www.germany.travel/en/towns-cities-culture/jewish-traveler/stuttgart.html |website=germany.travel |publisher=Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy |access-date=14 October 2018 |archive-date=15 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015002958/http://www.germany.travel/en/towns-cities-culture/jewish-traveler/stuttgart.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> along with the relics contained within and also destroyed its [[Jewish cemetery]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Jewish Life – and Loss – in Stuttgart |url=https://stuttgartsteps.com/blog/2013/11/8/jewish-life-and-loss-in-stuttgart |publisher=Stuttgart Steps |date=8 November 2013 |access-date=14 October 2018 |archive-date=15 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015042014/https://stuttgartsteps.com/blog/2013/11/8/jewish-life-and-loss-in-stuttgart |url-status=live }}</ref> The next year the Nazi regime began the arrests and deportation of Stuttgart's Jewish inhabitants, beginning with the entire male Jewish population of Stuttgart, to the police-run prison camp at [[Welzheim]] or directly to [[Dachau concentration camp|Dachau]].{{sfn|Bauz|Breugemann|2013|p=277}} Other Jews from around Württemberg were brought to Stuttgart and housed in the ghetto on the former Trade Fair grounds in [[Killesbergpark|Killesberg]]. As the Memorial at [[Stuttgart North station|Stuttgart North]] records,<ref name="northmem">{{cite web |title=Memorial Deportation Jews Stuttgart |url=https://www.tracesofwar.com/sights/5396/Memorial-Deportation-of--Stuttgart-Jews.htm |website=TracesOfWar.com |publisher=Traces of War |access-date=14 October 2018 |archive-date=15 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015003007/https://www.tracesofwar.com/sights/5396/Memorial-Deportation-of--Stuttgart-Jews.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> between 1941 (the first train arrived 1 December 1941, and took around 1,000 men to [[Riga]]) and 1945, more than 2,000 Jews from all over Württemberg<ref name="northmem"/> were deported to [[Theresienstadt concentration camp|Theresienstadt]], [[Auschwitz]], and the ghettos at Riga and [[Izbica Ghetto|Izbica]]. Of them, only 180 held in [[Internment]] survived the [[Shoah]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Wuerttemberg |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/wuerttemberg |website=JewishVirtualLibrary.org |publisher=American-Israeli Cooperative Enterprise |access-date=14 October 2018 |archive-date=15 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015003058/https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/wuerttemberg |url-status=live }}</ref>{{sfn|Federal|1995|p=88}}

Stuttgart, like many of Germany's major cities, was ravaged throughout the war by [[Bombing of Stuttgart in World War II|Allied air raids]]. For the first four years of the war, successful air raids on the city were rare because of the capable defence of the city by [[Wehrmacht]] ground forces, the [[Luftwaffe]], and [[artificial fog]].<ref name="GeschStutt4">{{cite web |title=Stuttgart im zweiten Weltkrieg: 2. Weltkrieg (1939 bis 1945) |trans-title=Stuttgart in the second world war: World War II (1939 to 1945) |url=http://www.stuttgart-geschichte.de/history/zweiter-weltkrieg.html |work=Die Geschichte von Stuttgart |year=2008 |access-date=14 October 2018 |language=de |archive-date=16 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191216021628/http://www.stuttgart-geschichte.de/history/zweiter-weltkrieg.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Despite opinions among some Royal Air Force members that day-time air raids on the city were suicidal,<ref name="GeschStutt4"/> substantial damage to the city's industrial capacity still occurred, such as the 25 August bombing of the Daimler AG plant in 1940 that killed five people.<ref name="GeschStutt4"/> With the war increasingly turning against the Third Reich, more and more troops were pulled from the defence of the city in 1943 to fight on the [[Eastern Front (World War II)|Eastern Front]].<ref name="GeschStutt4"/> In 1944, the city centre was entirely in ruins due to [[Strategic bombing during World War II|Allied bombing raids]] that could now more easily attack the city. The heaviest raid took place on 12 September 1944, when the [[Royal Air Force]], dropping over 184,000 bombs – including 75 [[blockbuster bomb|blockbusters]] – levelled Stuttgart's city centre, killing 957 people in the resulting [[firestorm]].<ref name="GeschStutt4"/> In totality, Stuttgart was subjected to 53 bombing raids, resulting in the destruction of 57.7% of all buildings in the city,{{efn|Of those, 67.8% of the residential buildings and 75% of the Industrial structures were destroyed.<ref name="GeschStutt4"/>}} the deaths of 4,477 inhabitants, the disappearance of 85 citizens, and the injury of 8,908 more people.<ref name="GeschStutt4"/> The Allies lost 300 aircraft and seven to ten enlisted men.<ref name="GeschStutt4"/> To commemorate the city citizens who died during the war, the rubble was assembled and used to create the [[Birkenkopf]]. Today{{When|date=August 2024}} Stuttgart consists of over 40% of buildings from before World War II, besides all destruction.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://zensus2011.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Publikationen/Aufsaetze_Archiv/2015_12_NI_GWZ_endgueltig.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=4|title=Endgültige Ergebnisse der Gebäude- und Wohnungszählung 2011 |author=<!--Not stated--> |date= |website=zensus2011.de |publisher= |access-date= |quote= |trans-title=Final results of the 2011 building and housing census |language=German |page= }}</ref>{{Page needed|date=August 2024}}

===French-American tensions===

The Allied ground advance into Germany reached Stuttgart in April 1945. Although the attack on the city was to be conducted by the [[100th Infantry Division (United States)|US Seventh Army's 100th Infantry Division]], French leader [[Charles de Gaulle]] found this to be unacceptable, as he felt the capture of the region by [[Free French forces]] would increase French influence in post-war decisions. Independently, he directed [[Jean de Lattre de Tassigny|General de Lattre]] to order the [[5th Armored Division (France)|French 5th Armored Division]], [[2nd Moroccan Infantry Division (France)|2nd Moroccan Infantry Division]] and [[3rd Algerian Infantry Division]] to begin their drive to Stuttgart on 18 April 1945. Two days later, the French forces coordinated with the US Seventh Army and VI Corps heavy artillery, who began a barrage of the city. The French 5th Armored Division then captured Stuttgart on 21 April 1945, encountering little resistance.<ref>{{cite book |last=Stanton |first=Shelby L. |title=World War II Order of Battle: An Encyclopedic Reference to U.S. Army Ground Forces from Battalion through Division 1939–1946 |year=2006 |edition=Revised |publisher=Stackpole Books |isbn=978-0811701570}}</ref> The city fared poorly under their direction; French troops forcefully quartered their troops in what housing remained in the city, rapes were frequent (there were at least 1,389 recorded incidents of rape of civilians by French soldiers),<ref>{{cite news |last=Faltin |first=Thomas |title=Die offizielle Statistik zählt 1389 Vergewaltigungen |url=https://www.stuttgarter-zeitung.de/inhalt.ende-des-zweiten-weltkriegs-in-stuttgart-drei-furchtbare-tage-im-april-page1.4db91355-7a93-4448-9b33-25c436205124.html |work=Stuttgarter-Zeitung |date=18 April 2015 |access-date=14 October 2018 |language=de |archive-date=13 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181013200239/https://www.stuttgarter-zeitung.de/inhalt.ende-des-zweiten-weltkriegs-in-stuttgart-drei-furchtbare-tage-im-april-page1.4db91355-7a93-4448-9b33-25c436205124.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Bruhns |first=Annette |title=Der Krieg gegen die Frauen |url=http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/spiegelspecial/d-39863532.html |date=30 March 2005 |access-date=14 October 2018 |work=Der Spiegel |publisher=Spiegel-Verlag |language=de |archive-date=1 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181201084442/http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/spiegelspecial/d-39863532.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> and the city's surviving populace were poorly rationed.{{efn|"When French troops occupied Stuttgart – which was meant to form part of the American Zone as the capital of Württemberg – the Americans ordered them to leave. De Gaulle refused, saying he would stay put until the zones were finalized&nbsp;... The American solution was to offer them some bits of Baden and Württemberg while keeping the lion's share for themselves&nbsp;... French soldiers' behaviour in Stuttgart, where some 3,000 women and 8 men were raped, was thought to have added to American fury at their overstepping their lines."{{sfn|MacDonogh|2009}}}} The circumstances of what later became known as "The Stuttgart Crisis" provoked political repercussions that reached even the [[White House]]. [[President of the United States|President]] [[Harry S. Truman]] was unable to get De Gaulle to withdraw troops from Stuttgart until after the final boundaries of the zones of occupation were established.<ref>{{cite book |last=Willis |first=Frank Roy |title=France, Germany and the New Europe, 1945–1967 |url=https://archive.org/details/francegermany00will |url-access=registration |year=1968 |publisher=Stanford University Press}}</ref> The French army remained in the city until they finally relented to American demands on 8 July 1945 and withdrew. Stuttgart then became capital of [[Württemberg-Baden]], one of the three areas of Allied occupation in Baden-Württemberg, from 1945 until 1952.

=== Baden-Württemberg ===
The military government of the [[American Occupation of Germany|American occupation zone]] established a [[Displaced persons camp]] for [[displaced person]]s, mostly [[Forced labor under German rule during World War II|forced labourers]] from Central and Eastern European industrial firms in the area.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Displaced persons camps |url=http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CD%5CI%5CDisplacedpersonscamps.htm |encyclopedia=Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine |access-date=14 October 2018 |archive-date=5 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220505010843/http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CD%5CI%5CDisplacedpersonscamps.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> There was, however, a camp located in [[Stuttgart-West]] that, until its closure and transportation of internees to [[Heidenheim an der Brenz]] in 1949, housed almost exclusively 1400 Jewish survivors of the [[Shoah]].

An early concept of the [[Marshall Plan]] aimed at supporting reconstruction and economic/political recovery across Europe was presented [[Restatement of Policy on Germany|during a speech 6 September 1946]] given by [[US Secretary of State]] [[James F. Byrnes]] at the Stuttgart [[Staatsoper Stuttgart|Opera House]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Speech by J.F. Byrnes, United States Secretary of State Restatement of Policy on Germany Stuttgart |url=https://usa.usembassy.de/etexts/ga4-460906.htm |website=usa.usembassy.de |access-date=14 October 2018 |archive-date=20 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020111256/https://usa.usembassy.de/etexts/ga4-460906.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> His speech led to the unification of the British and American occupation zones, resulting in the 'bi-zone' (later the 'tri-zone' when the French reluctantly agreed to cede their occupied territory to the new state). In 1948, the city applied to become the capital of the soon to-be [[West Germany|Federal Republic of Germany]], and was a serious contender against [[Frankfurt]], [[Kassel]], and [[Bonn]]. All these cities were examined by the [[Parlamentarischer Rat]],<ref name=Ennen>{{cite journal |last1=Ennen |first1=Edith |last2=Höroldt |first2=Dietrich |title=Kleine Geschichte der Stadt Bonn |journal=Stollfuß Verlag |date=1967 |pages=278–279}}</ref> but ultimately Bonn won the bid when the Republic was founded on 23 May 1949.<ref name=Ennen/> The city's bid for capital failed primarily because of the financial burdens its high rents would place on the government.

The immediate aftermath of the War would be marked by the controversial efforts of [[Arnulf Klett]], the first [[Lord mayor|Oberbürgermeister]] of Stuttgart, to restore the city. Klett favored the idea of a [[modernist]] [[Automotive city]] with functional divisions for residential, commercial and industrial areas according to the [[Athens Charter]]. Klett demolished both ruins and entire streets of largely undamaged buildings without rebuilding them to their original visage, a move that earned him much scorn from his contemporaries. In the 150th year since his death (1955), the last remnant of the alma mater of [[Friedrich Schiller]], the Karlsschule, was removed in favor of an expansion to the [[Bundesstraße 14]]. Klett also dramatically expanded the [[public transportation]] of Stuttgart with the [[Stuttgart Stadtbahn]] and, in 1961, initiated a [[Twin towns and sister cities|city partnership]] with the French city of [[Strasbourg]] as part of an attempt to mend [[France–Germany relations|Franco-German relations]]. It would be finalized in 1962 and is still active today.<ref name=Strasbourg>{{cite web |title=Strasbourg, twin city |url=http://www.en.strasbourg.eu/en/europe-international/partnerships-and-solidarity/strasbourg-twin-city/ |website=en.strasbourg.eu |publisher=City of Strasbourg |language=de |access-date=14 October 2018 |archive-date=20 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181020080531/http://en.strasbourg.eu/en/europe-international/partnerships-and-solidarity/strasbourg-twin-city/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Klett's Stuttgart saw two major media events: the same year the partnership with Strasbourg was finalized, then [[President of France|French president]] Charles de Gaulle visited the city and [[Ludwigsburg Palace]] in the ending moments of his state visit to Germany,<ref>{{cite web |title=Stuttgart und Ludwigsburg: Abschied mit Rede an die deutsche Jugend |url=http://www.degaulle.lpb-bw.de/rede_deutschlandreise_3.html |publisher=Landeszantrale für politische Bildung Baden-Württemberg |language=de |access-date=14 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015003003/http://www.degaulle.lpb-bw.de/rede_deutschlandreise_3.html |archive-date=15 October 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref> and [[Queen Elizabeth II]] of the United Kingdom visited the city 24 May 1965.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Theophil |first1=Roland |title=Die Queen besucht Stuttgart |url=http://www.vonzeitzuzeit.de/index.php?template=thema&theme_id=96 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170208032831/http://www.vonzeitzuzeit.de/index.php?template=thema&theme_id=96 |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 February 2017 |website=vonzeitzuzeit.de |publisher=Stuttgarter-Zeitung |access-date=14 October 2018}}</ref>

On 25 April 1952, the other two parts of the former German states of [[Baden]] and [[Württemberg]], [[South Baden]] and [[Württemberg-Hohenzollern]] merged and formed the modern German state of [[Baden-Württemberg]], with Stuttgart as its capital.<ref>{{cite web |title=Our State |url=https://www.baden-wuerttemberg.de/en/our-state/ |publisher=Baden-Württemberg |access-date=14 October 2018 |archive-date=12 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612135812/https://www.baden-wuerttemberg.de/en/our-state/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Since the 1950s, Stuttgart has been the third largest city in [[southern Germany]] behind [[Frankfurt]] and [[Munich]]. The city's population, halved by the Second World War, began sudden growth with the mass influx of [[Heimatvertriebene|German refugees]] [[Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–50)|expelled from their homes and communities]] by the Soviets from the late 1940s until 1950 to the city. [[Economic migrants]], called "''[[Gastarbeiter]]''", from Italy, and later Greece and Turkey but primarily from [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]], came flocking to Stuttgart because of the economic wonder called the "''[[Wirtschaftswunder]]''" unfolding in [[West Germany]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://servicex.stuttgart.de/lhs-services/komunis/documents/5563_1_Auslaender_in_Stuttgart_1955_bis_2005.PDF |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190608074929/https://servicex.stuttgart.de/lhs-services/komunis/documents/5563_1_Auslaender_in_Stuttgart_1955_bis_2005.PDF |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 June 2019 |title=Ausländer in Stuttgart 1955 bis 2005 |publisher=Statistik und Informationsmanagement |access-date=14 October 2018}}</ref> These factors saw the city reach its (then) peak population of 640,000 in 1962.

In May 1965 [[Elizabeth II|Queen Elizabeth II]] made a [[List of state visits made by Elizabeth II#As Queen of the United Kingdom|state visit]] to Stuttgart and nearby [[Marbach am Neckar|Marbach]] and [[Schwäbisch Hall]]. Her great-grandfather [[Francis, Duke of Teck|Duke Francis]] (1837–1900) had been a member of the Württemberg royal family.

In the late 1970s, the municipal district of Stammheim was centre stage to one of the most controversial periods of German post-war history. [[Stammheim Prison]], built from 1959 to 1963, came to be the place of incarceration for [[Ulrike Meinhof]], [[Andreas Baader]], [[Gudrun Ensslin]], and [[Jan-Carl Raspe]], members of a communist terrorist organization known as the [[Red Army Faction]], during [[Stammheim trials|their trial]] at the [[Oberlandesgericht Stuttgart]] in 1975. Several attempts were made by the organization to free the terrorists during the "[[German Autumn]]" of 1977 that culminated in such events as the [[Kidnapping and murder of Hanns-Martin Schleyer|kidnap and murder]] of [[Hanns-Martin Schleyer]] and the hijacking of [[Lufthansa Flight 181]]. When it became clear, after many attempts to free the inmates including the smuggling of three weapons into the prison by their lawyer,<ref>{{cite news |last=Kellerhof |first=Sven Felix |access-date=14 October 2018 |title=Anwälte, die Sprengstoff zu Terroristen trugen |url=https://www.welt.de/kultur/history/article108567166/Anwaelte-die-Sprengstoff-zu-Terroristen-trugen.html |work=Die Welt |archive-date=13 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171113001043/https://www.welt.de/kultur/history/article108567166/Anwaelte-die-Sprengstoff-zu-Terroristen-trugen.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Knobbe |first1=Martin |title=Der Ankläger und sein Informant |url=https://www.stern.de/politik/deutschland/ehemaliger-raf-helfer-der-anklaeger-und-sein-informant-3356358.html |access-date=14 October 2018 |work=Stern |date=27 April 2007 |language=de |archive-date=16 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181116214821/https://www.stern.de/politik/deutschland/ehemaliger-raf-helfer-der-anklaeger-und-sein-informant-3356358.html |url-status=live }}</ref> that the terrorists could not escape and that they would receive [[Life sentence|life sentencing]], the terrorists killed themselves{{efn|Meinhof had by this point already committed suicide via hanging in her cell, 9 May 1976.}} in April 1977 in an event remembered locally as the "''Todesnacht von Stammheim''", "Night of Death at Stammheim".

The trauma of the early 1970s was quickly left behind, starting in 1974 with the [[1974 FIFA World Cup]] and the opening of the [[Stuttgart S-Bahn]] on 1 October 1978 with a scheduled three routes. from 17 to 19 June 1983, ten European heads of state and representatives from the [[European Union]] met in Stuttgart for a summit and there made the [[Solemn Declaration on European Union]].<ref>{{cite web |title=The European Council [Stuttgart Summit 1983], Stuttgart, 17–19 June 1983 |url=http://aei.pitt.edu/1788/1/stuttgart_declaration_1983.pdf |publisher=Pittsburgh University |access-date=14 October 2018 |archive-date=20 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180420085502/http://aei.pitt.edu/1788/1/stuttgart_declaration_1983.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1986, the [[1986 European Athletics Championships|European Athletics Championships of that year]] were held in the [[MHPArena|Neckarstadion]]. [[Mikhail Gorbachev]], while on a trip to [[West Germany]] to offer a spot for a West German astronaut in a Soviet space mission,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Moser |first1=Patrick |title=Gorbachev invites West German on Soviet space mission |url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1989/06/14/Gorbachev-invites-West-German-on-Soviet-space-mission/2663613800000/ |work=UPI |date=14 June 1989 |access-date=14 October 2018 |archive-date=15 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181115235059/https://www.upi.com/Archives/1989/06/14/Gorbachev-invites-West-German-on-Soviet-space-mission/2663613800000/ |url-status=live }}</ref> visited Stuttgart 14 June 1989 and was the honored guest of a sumptuous reception held at the [[New Palace (Stuttgart)|New Palace]].{{sfn|Sauer|p=140}}

Since the monumental happenings of the 1980s, Stuttgart has continued being an important centre of not just Europe, but also the world. In 1993, the [[1993 World Horticultural Exposition|World Horticultural Exposition]], for which two new bridges were built,<ref>{{cite web |title=Internationale Gartenbauausstellung 1993 |url=https://structurae.net/structures/internationale-gartenbauausstellung-1993 |publisher=Structurae |access-date=14 October 2018 |archive-date=15 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015003125/https://structurae.net/structures/internationale-gartenbauausstellung-1993 |url-status=live }}</ref> and [[1993 World Championships in Athletics|World Athletics Championships]] of that year took place in Stuttgart in the Killesburg park and Gottlieb-Daimler-Stadion respectively, bringing millions of new visitors to the city. At the 1993 WCA, British athlete [[Sally Gunnell]] and the United States Relay team [[1993 in athletics (track and field)#World records|both set world records]]. In 2003, Stuttgart applied for the [[2012 Summer Olympics]] but failed in their bid when the German Committee for the Olympics decided on [[Leipzig]] to host the Olympics in Germany. Three years later, in 2006, Stuttgart once again hosted the [[2006 FIFA World Cup|FIFA World Cup]] as it had in 1974.

Stuttgart still experienced some growing pains even long after its recovery from the Second World War. In 2010, the inner city become the focal point of the [[Protest against Stuttgart 21|protests against the controversial]] [[Stuttgart 21]].

==== US military in Stuttgart ====
Since shortly after the end of World War&nbsp;II, there has been a US military presence in Stuttgart. At the height of the [[Cold War]] over 45,000 Americans were stationed across over 40 installations in and around the city.<ref>{{cite web |last=Reserve |first=Army |url=http://www.eucom.mil/article/20940/stuttgart-military-community-a-look-back-to-1967 |title=Stuttgart military community: A look back to 1967 &#124; EUCOM, Stronger Together |publisher=Eucom.mil |access-date=14 October 2018 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130404065358/http://www.eucom.mil/article/20940/stuttgart-military-community-a-look-back-to-1967 |archive-date=4 April 2013}}</ref> Today about 10,000 Americans are stationed on 5 installations (Patch Barracks, Panzer Kaserne, Kelley Barracks, Robinson Barracks, and Stuttgart Army Airfield) representing all branches of service within the [[United States Department of Defense|Department of Defense]], unlike the mostly Army presence of the Occupation and Cold War.

In March 1946 the [[US Army]] established a unit of the [[US Constabulary]] and a headquarters at Kurmärker Kaserne (later renamed [[Patch Barracks]]) in Stuttgart. These units of soldiers retrained in patrol and policing provided the law and order in the American zone of occupied Germany until the civilian German police forces could be re-established.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://history.army.mil/html/forcestruc/constab-ip.html |title=The U.S. Constabulary in Post-War Germany (1946–52) |publisher=History.army.mil |date=1 July 1946 |access-date=14 October 2018 |archive-date=11 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181011115116/https://history.army.mil/html/forcestruc/constab-ip.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 1948 the headquarters for all Constabulary forces was moved to Stuttgart.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.usarmygermany.com/Units/USConstabulary/HQ%20Con%20profile.htm |title=United States Constabulary, Bamberg/Heidelberg/Vaihingen, Germany, 1946–1950 |publisher=USArmyGermany.com |access-date=14 October 2018 |archive-date=24 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130424021401/http://www.usarmygermany.com/Units/USConstabulary/HQ%20Con%20profile.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2008 a memorial to the US Constabulary was installed and dedicated at Patch Barracks.<ref>{{cite news |first=John |last=Vandiver |url=https://www.stripes.com/news/monument-unveiled-for-u-s-constabulary-1.85211 |title=Monument unveiled for U.S. Constabulary |work=Stripes |access-date=14 October 2018 |archive-date=15 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015004403/https://www.stripes.com/news/monument-unveiled-for-u-s-constabulary-1.85211 |url-status=live }}</ref> The US Constabulary headquarters was disbanded in 1950 and most of the force was merged into the newly organized [[Seventh Army (United States)|7th Army]]. As the Cold War developed US Army [[VII Corps (United States)|VII Corps]] was re-formed in July 1950 and assigned to Hellenen Kaserne (renamed [[Kelley Barracks]] in 1951) where the headquarters was to remain throughout the Cold War.

In 1990 VII Corps was deployed directly from Germany to [[Saudi Arabia]] for Operations [[Desert Shield]] and [[Desert Storm]] to include many of the VII Corps troops stationed in and around Stuttgart. After returning from the Middle East, the bulk of VII Corps units were reassigned to the United States or deactivated. The VII Corps Headquarters returned to Germany for a short period to close out operations and was deactivated later in the United States. The withdrawal of VII Corps caused a large reduction in the US military presence in the city and region and led to the closure of the majority of US installations in and around Stuttgart which resulted in the layoff of many local civilians who had been career employees of the US Army.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eur.army.mil/organization/history.htm#post |title=History |publisher=Eur.army.mil |access-date=14 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130307190247/http://www.eur.army.mil/organization/history.htm#post |archive-date=7 March 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Since 1967, Patch Barracks in Stuttgart has been home to the US [[United States European Command|EUCOM]]. In 2007 [[United States Africa Command|AFRICOM]] was established as a cell within EUCOM and in 2008 established as the US [[Unified Combatant Command]] responsible for most of Africa headquartered at Kelley Barracks.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.africom.mil/media-room/Article/6331/us-africa-command-stands-up |title=U.S. Africa Command Stands Up |publisher=Africom.mil |access-date=14 October 2018 |date=9 October 2008 |first=Colonel Robert |last=Killebrew (Retired) |archive-date=15 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015002928/https://www.africom.mil/media-room/Article/6331/us-africa-command-stands-up |url-status=live }}</ref> Due to these 2 major headquarters, Stuttgart has been identified as one of the few "enduring communities" where the United States forces will continue to operate in Germany.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://media.defense.gov/2018/May/03/2001911883/-1/-1/0/02162012%20DOD%20ANNOUNCES%20PLANS%20TO%20ADJUST%20POSTURE%20OF%20LAND%20FORCES%20IN%20EUROPE.PDF |title=DOD announces plans to adjust posture of land forces in Europe |publisher=Media.Defense.Gov |date=16 February 2012 |access-date=14 October 2018 |archive-date=15 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015042036/https://media.defense.gov/2018/May/03/2001911883/-1/-1/0/02162012%20DOD%20ANNOUNCES%20PLANS%20TO%20ADJUST%20POSTURE%20OF%20LAND%20FORCES%20IN%20EUROPE.PDF |url-status=live }}</ref> The remaining U.S. bases around Stuttgart are organized into US Army Garrison Stuttgart and include Patch Barracks, [[Robinson Barracks]], [[Panzer Kaserne]] and Kelley Barracks.{{citation needed|date=February 2023}} From the end of [[World War II]] until the early 1990s these installations excepting Patch were almost exclusively Army, but have become increasingly "Purple"—as in joint service—since the end of the Cold War as they are host to [[United States Department of Defense]] Unified Commands and supporting activities.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.stuttgart.army.mil/Home/Tenant%20Units.html |title=Tenant Units |access-date=14 October 2018 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120920024212/http://www.stuttgart.army.mil/Home/Tenant%20Units.html |archive-date=20 September 2012}}</ref>