Editing Sukkot (section)

==Laws and customs==
[[File:Adlib_image_(3).jpg|thumb|250px|''Holding the [[Four Species]]'', a painting by [[Isidor Kaufmann]], 1920]]

Sukkot is a seven-day festival. Inside the [[Land of Israel]], the first day is celebrated as a full festival with special prayer services and holiday meals. Outside the Land of Israel, the first two days are celebrated as full festivals. The seventh day of Sukkot is called ''{{transliteration|he|[[Hoshana Rabbah]]}}'' ("Great Hoshana", referring to the tradition that worshippers in the [[synagogue]] walk around the perimeter of the sanctuary during morning services) and has a special observance of its own. The intermediate days are known as ''Chol HaMoed'' ("festival weekdays"). According to [[Halakha]], some types of work are forbidden during ''Chol HaMoed''.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Pesach: Its observance, Laws and Significance |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kZL9RW6q22wC |editor-last=Scherman |editor-first=Nosson |first1=Shimon |last1=Finkelman |first2=Mosheh Dov |last2=Shṭain |first3=Moshe |last3=Lieber |publisher=Mesorah Publications |year=1994 |page=88 |access-date=29 September 2019 |isbn=9780899064475}}</ref> In Israel many businesses are closed during this time.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.israelnationalnews.com/Articles/Article.aspx/15795#.VEEjc1eGffY |title=True Chol Hamoed Celebration is only in Israel |publisher=Arutz Sheva |first=Dr. Chaim Charles |last=Cohen |date=12 October 2014 |access-date=29 September 2019}}</ref>

Throughout the week of Sukkot, meals are eaten in the sukkah. If a [[brit milah]] (circumcision ceremony) or [[Bar and Bat Mitzvah|Bar Mitzvah]] rises during Sukkot, the [[seudat mitzvah]] (obligatory festive meal) is served in the sukkah. Similarly, the father of a newborn boy greets guests to his Friday-night [[Shalom Zachar]] in the sukkah. Males sleep in the sukkah, provided the weather is tolerable. If it rains, the requirement of eating and sleeping in the sukkah is waived, except for eating there on the first night where every effort needs to be made to at least say [[kiddush]] (the sanctification prayer on wine) and eat an egg-sized piece of bread before going inside the house to finish the meal if the rain does not stop. Every day except the Sabbath, a blessing is recited over the [[Lulav]] and the [[Etrog]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.sefaria.org/Shulchan_Arukh%2C_Orach_Chayim.658?lang=bi|title=Shulchan Orech, Orach Chayim|pages=658:1|no-pp=y}}</ref>
Keeping of Sukkot is detailed in the [[Hebrew Bible]] ({{bibleverse|Nehemiah|8:13–18}}, {{Bibleverse||Zechariah|14:16–19|HE}} and {{bibleverse|Leviticus|23:34–44}}); the [[Mishnah]] (Sukkah 1:1–5:8); the [[Tosefta]] (Sukkah 1:1–4:28); and the [[Jerusalem Talmud]] (Sukkah 1a–) and Babylonian [[Talmud]] ([[Sukkah (Talmud)|Sukkah]] 2a–56b).

=== Sukkah ===
{{Main|Sukkah}}
[[File:Flickr - U.S. Embassy Tel Aviv - Sukkot2011No.075.jpg|thumb|A family is hanging decorations from the [[s'chach]] (top or "ceiling") on the inside of a [[sukkah]]]]

The sukkah walls can be constructed of any material that blocks wind (wood, canvas, aluminum siding, sheets). The walls can be free-standing or include the sides of a building or porch. There must be at least two and a partial wall.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Building the Sukkah - Halachipedia |url=https://halachipedia.com/index.php?title=Building_the_Sukkah |access-date=2022-10-13 |website=halachipedia.com |language=en}}</ref> The roof must be of organic material, known as [[s'chach]], such as leafy tree overgrowth, schach mats or palm fronds – plant material that is no longer connected with the earth.<ref name="build">{{cite web |title=How do we make a Sukkah? |url=http://www.beingjewish.com/yomtov/sukkos/build.html |website=BeingJewish.com |date=20 December 2017 |access-date=29 September 2019}}</ref> It is customary to decorate the interior of the sukkah with hanging decorations of the [[four species]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://judaica101.ajudaica.com/sukkot/ |title=Sukkot |website=ajudaica.com |first=Yossi |last=Belz |date=10 September 2009 |access-date=29 September 2019}}</ref> as well as with attractive artwork.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sukkah Decoration |author= |work=The Jewish Museum |date= |access-date=10 October 2022 |url= https://thejewishmuseum.org/collection/22450-sukkah-decoration}}</ref>{{clear left}}

=== Prayers ===
[[File:Sukkot Prayer2.jpg|alt=Jewish Prayer-Yehi Ratson, Fürth, 1738|thumb|Jewish Prayer, "Yehi Ratson", to be recited before entering the sukkah, 1738]]

Prayers during Sukkot include the reading of the Torah every day, reciting the [[Jewish services|Mussaf]] (additional) service after morning prayers, reciting [[Hallel]], and adding special additions to the [[Amidah]] and [[Birkat HaMazon|Grace after Meals]]. In addition, the service includes rituals involving the Four Species. The lulav and etrog are not used on the Sabbath.<ref name="sackssiddur">{{cite book |first=Lord Jonathan |last=Sacks |title=The Koren Siddur |edition=Nusaḥ Ashkenaz, 1st Hebrew/English |year=2009 |publisher=Koren Publishers |location=Jerusalem |isbn=9789653010673}}</ref>

On the Festival days, as well as the Sabbath of Chol Hamoed, some communities recite piyyutim.<ref>As they appear in Machzorim of the Ashkenazic and Italian rites.</ref>

===''Hoshanot''===
[[File:PikiWiki Israel 14882 Western Wall in Jerusalem.jpg|thumb|Sukkot prayers at the [[Western Wall]] (the Kotel)]]

On each day of the festival, worshippers walk around the synagogue carrying the Four Species while reciting special prayers known as ''Hoshanot''.<ref name="sackssiddur" />{{rp|852}} This takes place either between [[Hallel]] and the morning's Torah reading or at the end of Mussaf. This ceremony commemorates the [[Aravah (Sukkot)|willow]] ceremony at the [[Temple in Jerusalem]], in which willow branches were piled beside the altar with worshippers parading around the altar reciting prayers.<ref name="chabad-hoshana">{{cite web |title=Honshana Rabbah |url=https://www.chabad.org/holidays/JewishNewYear/template_cdo/aid/757453/jewish/Hoshana-Rabbah.htm |website=Chabad.org |access-date=29 September 2019}}</ref>

===''Ushpizin'' and ''ushpizata''===
[[File:A_tabernacle_in_a_Jer._(i.e.,_Jerusalem)_Quarter_of_European_Jews._Rehavia,_Mr._Bassam's_flat,_closer_view_LOC_matpc.19885.jpg|250px|thumb|Family members sitting together in their Sukkah, [[Jerusalem]], 1939]]

A custom originating with [[Lurianic Kabbalah]] is to recite the ''ushpizin'' prayer to "invite" one of seven "exalted guests" into the sukkah.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Judaica |title=ushpizin |volume=19 |page=303}}</ref> These ''ushpizin'' ({{langx|tmr|אושפיזין}} "guests", a loanword from [[Middle Persian]] ''špinza'' "lodging"), represent the "seven shepherds of Israel": [[Abraham]], [[Isaac]], [[Jacob]], [[Moses]], [[Aaron]], [[Joseph (Genesis)|Joseph]] and [[David]], each of whom correlates with one of the seven lower [[sefirot]] (this is why Joseph, associated with [[Yesod]], follows [[Moses]] and [[Aaron]], associated with [[Netzach]] and [[Hod (Kabbalah)|Hod]] respectively, even though he precedes them in the narrative). According to tradition, a different guest enters the sukkah each night, followed by the other six. Each ''ushpiz'' has a lesson to teach that parallels the spiritual focus of the day on which they visit based on the sefira associated with that character.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tauber |first=Yanki |title=The Ushpizin |url=https://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/571505/jewish/The-Ushpizin.htm |website=Chabad}}</ref>

Some streams of [[Reconstructionist Judaism]] also recognize a set of seven female shepherds of Israel, called variously {{transliteration|he|Ushpizot}} (using the [[Modern Hebrew]] feminine plural), or {{transliteration|tmr|Ushpizātā}} (using the Aramaic feminine plural). Several lists of seven have been proposed. The Ushpizata are sometimes coidentified with the seven [[Prophets in Judaism#The seven prophetesses|prophetesses of Judaism]]: [[Sarah]], [[Miriam]], [[Deborah]], [[Hannah (biblical figure)|Hannah]], [[Abigail]], [[Huldah|Hulda]], and [[Esther]].<ref>{{cite web |first=Arie |last=Hasit |date=4 October 2019 |access-date=29 September 2019 |work=Haaretz |url=https://www.haaretz.com/jewish/on-ushpizin-and-ushpizot-guests-1.5175599 |title=On Ushpizin and Ushpizot: The Guests at My Sukkah}}</ref> Some lists seek to relate each female leader to one of the sefirot to parallel their male counterparts. One such list in the order they would be invoked each evening is [[Ruth (biblical figure)|Ruth]], [[Sarah]], [[Rebecca]], [[Miriam]], [[Deborah]], [[Tamar (Genesis)|Tamar]], and [[Rachel]].<ref>{{cite web |first=David |last=Seidenberg |date=2006 |access-date=31 May 2020 |work=NeoHasid.org |url=http://www.neohasid.org/sukkot/ushpizintext/ |title=Egalitarian Ushpizin: The Ushpizata}}</ref>

=== ''Chol HaMoed'' intermediate days ===
{{Main|Chol HaMoed}}
[[File:Soukkah (Sukkah) fin du XIXe siècle, Autriche ou Sud de l'Allemagne - Musée d'art et d'histoire du Judaïsme.jpg|thumb|Interior of a 19th-century painted sukkah from Austria or South Germany, Painted pine, 220 × 285.5 cm,  [[Musée d'Art et d'Histoire du Judaïsme]]]]

The second through seventh days of Sukkot (third through seventh days outside the Land of Israel) are called [[Chol HaMoed]] ({{lang|he|חול המועד}} – {{abbr|lit.|literally}} "festival weekdays"). These days are considered by [[halakha]] to be more than regular weekdays but less than festival days. In practice, this means that all activities that are needed for the holiday—such as buying and preparing food, cleaning the house in honor of the holiday, or traveling to visit other people's sukkot or on family outings—are permitted by Jewish law. Activities that will interfere with relaxation and enjoyment of the holiday—such as laundering, mending clothes, engaging in labor-intensive activities—are not permitted.<ref>''[[Shulchan Aruch]]'', ''[[Orach Chayim]]'', 530</ref><ref name="ou-moed">{{cite web |last=Krakowski |first=Rabbi Y. Dov |title=Hilchos Chol HaMoed |url=https://www.ou.org/holidays/sukkot/hilchos-chol-hamoed/ |publisher=Orthodox Union |date=10 April 2014 |access-date=29 September 2019}}</ref>

Religious Jews often treat Chol HaMoed as a vacation period, eating nicer than usual meals in their sukkah, entertaining guests, visiting other families in their sukkot, and taking family outings. Many synagogues and Jewish centers also offer events and meals in their sukkot during this time to foster community and goodwill.<ref name="com-fest">{{cite news| last=Pine|first=Dan|title=Community festivals celebrate Sukkot with food and fun|newspaper=J |url=https://www.jweekly.com/2011/10/07/community-festivals-celebrate-sukkot-with-food-and-fun/|publisher=Jweekly|date=7 October 2011|access-date=5 December 2020}}</ref><ref name="ref-sukkot">{{cite web|title=Sukkot: The Festival of Booths|url=https://reformjudaism.org/jewish-holidays/sukkot|publisher=ReformJudaism.org|access-date=5 December 2020}}</ref>

On the [[Shabbat]] which falls during the week of Sukkot (or in the event when the first day of Sukkot is on Shabbat in the Land of Israel), the [[Ecclesiastes|Book of Ecclesiastes]] is read during morning [[synagogue]] services in Ashkenazic communities. (Diaspora Ashkenazic communities read it the second Shabbat {eighth day} when the first day of sukkot is on Shabbat.) This Book's emphasis on the ephemeralness of life ("Vanity of vanities, all is vanity...") echoes the theme of the sukkah, while its emphasis on death reflects the time of year in which Sukkot occurs (the "autumn" of life). The penultimate verse reinforces the message that adherence to God and His [[Torah]] is the only worthwhile pursuit. (Cf. [[Ecclesiastes|Ecclesiastes 12:13,14]].)<ref name="Kohelet">{{cite web |last=Schlesinger |first=Hanan |title=Ecclesiastes (Kohelet) |url=https://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/ecclesiastes-kohelet/ |website=MyJewishLearning.org |date=15 September 2002 |access-date=29 September 2019}}</ref>

=== ''Hakhel'' assembly ===
{{Main|Hakhel}}
[[File:Flickr_-_Government_Press_Office_(GPO)_-_Sukkah_in_Abu_Kabir.jpg|thumb|250px|A young family standing outside the modest sukkah they built for the holiday, [[Israel]], 1949]]

In the days of the [[Temple in Jerusalem]], all Israelite, and later Jewish men, women, and children on pilgrimage to [[Jerusalem]] for the festival would gather in the Temple courtyard on the first day of Chol HaMoed Sukkot to hear the Jewish king read selections from the [[Torah]]. This ceremony, which was mandated in [[Deuteronomy]] 31:10–13, was held every seven years, in the year following the [[Shmita]] (Sabbatical) year. This ceremony was discontinued after the destruction of the Temple, but it has been revived in Israel since 1952 on a smaller scale.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Appel |first=Gershion |title=A Revival of the Ancient Assembly of Hakhel |journal=Tradition: A Journal of Orthodox Jewish Thought |date=Fall 1959 |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=119–127 |jstor=23255504}}</ref>

=== ''Simchat Beit HaShoevah'' water-drawing celebration ===
{{Main|Simchat Beit HaShoeivah}}

During the intermediate days of Sukkot, gatherings of music and dance, known as ''[[Simchat Beit HaShoeivah]]'' (Celebration of the Place of Water-Drawing), take place. This commemorates the celebration that accompanied the drawing of the water for the water-libation on the Altar, an offering unique to Sukkot, when water was carried up the [[Jerusalem pilgrim road]] from the [[Pool of Siloam]] to the [[Temple in Jerusalem]].<ref name="shoeva">{{cite web |last=Prero |first=Rabbi Yehudah |title=Simchas Bais HaShoeva – A Happiness of Oneness |url=https://torah.org/learning/yomtov-sukkos-vol3no21/ |website=Torah.org |date=4 April 2016 |access-date=29 September 2019}}</ref>

=== ''Hoshana Rabbah'' (Great Supplication) ===
{{Main|Hoshana Rabbah}}

The seventh day of Sukkot is known as ''Hoshana Rabbah'' (Great Supplication). This day is marked by a special synagogue service in which seven circuits are made by worshippers holding their Four Species, reciting additional prayers. In addition, a bundle of five [[Aravah (Sukkot)|willow branches]] is beaten on the ground.<ref name="sackssiddur" />{{rp|859}}<ref name="chabad-hoshana" />

=== Shemini Atzeret and Simchat Torah ===
{{Main|Shemini Atzeret|Simchat Torah}}

The holiday immediately following Sukkot is known as ''Shemini Atzeret'' ({{abbr|lit.|literally}} "Eighth [Day] of Assembly"). Shemini Atzeret is usually viewed as a separate holiday.<ref>See ''[[Rosh Hashanah (Talmud)|Rosh Hashanah]]'' 4b for rare cases where it is viewed as part of the Sukkot holiday.</ref> In the [[Diaspora]] a second additional holiday, ''Simchat Torah'' ("Joy of the Torah"), is celebrated. In the Land of Israel, Simchat Torah is celebrated on Shemini Atzeret. On Shemini Atzeret people leave their sukkah and eat their meals inside the house. Outside the Land of Israel, many eat in the sukkah without making the blessing. The sukkah is not used on Simchat Torah.<ref>{{cite web |title=A Deeper Look at Shemini Atzeret / Simchat Torah |url=https://www.chabad.org/holidays/JewishNewYear/template_cdo/aid/1288162/jewish/A-Deeper-Look-at-Shemini-Atzeret-Simchat-Torah.htm |website=Chabad.org |access-date=29 September 2019}}</ref>