Editing Sumatra (section)

== History ==

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| footer = [[ Muaro Jambi Temple Compounds]], built by the [[Melayu Kingdom]], is one of the largest and best-preserved ancient temple complexes in South East Asia.
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By the year [[692]], the [[Melayu Kingdom]] was absorbed by [[Srivijaya]].<ref name="Coedes">{{Cite book |last=Coedès |first=George |title=The Indianized States of Southeast Asia |publisher=University of Hawaii Press |year=1968 |isbn=978-0-8248-0368-1 |editor-last=Vella |editor-first=Walter F. |translator-last=Cowing |translator-first=Susan Brown |author-link=George Coedès}}</ref>{{rp|79–80}} Srivijaya's influence waned in the 11th century, specifically in the year 1025, after suffering defeat at the hands of the [[Chola Empire]] in southern India<ref name='place'/> By the end of the 12th century, Srivijaya had been reduced to a kingdom, and its dominant role in South Sumatra ended with the last king, Ratu Sekekhummong, who founded the milestone of Kepaksian Sekala Brak in the 13th century AD with the Dalom building.<ref name='place'>{{cite web | url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Srivijaya-empire | title=Srivijaya empire: History, Location, Religion, Government, & Facts | website=Britannica.com | date=12 June 2023 | access-date=29 October 2022 | archive-date=1 June 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601225429/https://www.britannica.com/place/Srivijaya-empire | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Abidin |first1=Zainal |last2=Basri |first2=Basri |last3=Nopriyana |first3=Rahma Dwi |date=2020-11-25 |title=The Network of Ulama in Lampung: Tracing The Islamic Development and Its Influence on Local Tradition and Culture |url=https://e-journal.metrouniv.ac.id/index.php/akademika/article/view/1672 |journal=AKADEMIKA: Jurnal Pemikiran Islam |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=315 |doi=10.32332/akademika.v25i2.1672 |issn=2356-2420 |doi-access=free |access-date=15 September 2023 |archive-date=9 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009162709/https://e-journal.metrouniv.ac.id/index.php/akademika/article/view/1672 |url-status=live }}</ref> At the same time, the [[spread of Islam in Indonesia]] occurred gradually and indirectly, starting from the western regions such as the Sumatra area which became the first place for the spread of Islam in the archipelago, then Java, then to the eastern regions of Indonesia, Sulawesi and Maluku.<ref name ='literasi'>{{cite web | url=https://www.gramedia.com/literasi/sejarah-masuknya-islam-ke-indonesia/ | title=Sejarah Masuknya Islam Ke Indonesia | website=gramedia.com | date=4 November 2021 | access-date=30 September 2022 | archive-date=30 September 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930160109/https://www.gramedia.com/literasi/sejarah-masuknya-islam-ke-indonesia/ | url-status=live }}</ref> The island of Sumatra is also an area in the archipelago that received the spread of Islam first compared to other islands or other areas.<ref name ='literasi'/> The island of Sumatra became the first area to receive the spread of Islam because of the position of the island of Sumatra which is close to the Malacca strait.<ref name ='literasi'/> The initial process of Islamization related to trade and also the formation of the kingdom.<ref name ='literasi'/> Islam entered Sumatra through pious [[Arabs]] and [[Tamils|Tamil]] traders in the 6th and 7th centuries AD.<ref>{{cite book| first= G. R.| last= Tibbets| title= Pre-Islamic Arabia and South East Asia| year= | publisher= }} In {{cite book| editor= D. S. Richards | year= 1970| title= Islam and The Trade of Asia| place= Oxford| publisher= Bruno Cassirer Pub. Ltd| page= 127 nt. 21}}</ref><ref>{{cite book| first= S. Q.| last= Fatimi| title= In Quest of Kalah| year= | publisher= }} In {{cite book| editor= D. S. Richards | year= 1970| title= Islam and The Trade of Asia| place= Oxford| publisher= Bruno Cassirer Pub. Ltd| page= 132 n. 124}}</ref><ref>{{cite book| first= W. P.| last= Groeneveldt| title= Notes in The Malay Archipelago| year= | publisher= }} In {{cite book| editor= D. S. Richards | year= 1970| title= Islam and The Trade of Asia| place= Oxford| publisher= Bruno Cassirer Pub. Ltd| page= 127 nt. 21}}</ref> At the beginning and end of the 13th century the formation of the kingdom, the king of the [[Pasai|Samudra]] kingdom had converted to Islam. [[Marco Polo]] visited the island in 1292, and his fellow Italian [[Odoric of Pordenone]] in 1321.{{citation needed||date=August 2023}}

[[File: Banda Aceh's Grand Mosque, Indonesia.jpg|right|thumb|250px|[[Baiturrahman Grand Mosque]] in [[Banda Aceh]]]]
Aceh in the north of Sumatra became known in the 16th century as trading centre for the [[pepper trade]] by shipping quality [[piperaceae]] (''pepper''). Aceh became the main commercial centre of the [[Aceh Sultanate]] and trading routes were established to the [[Mediterranean]] via the [[Red Sea]] to rival the Portuguese [[shipping lane]]s. The reign of [[Iskandar Muda]] is known as the ''golden age'' of Sumatra because he extended the cultural influence of the Aceh Sultanate to [[Padang]] and [[Johor]].<ref>{{Cite book|title= Aceh: History, Politics and Culture Volume 9 | editor-first1=Arndt | editor-last1= Graf | editor-first2=Edwin Paul | editor-last2= Wieringa | editor-first3= Susanne | editor-last3= Schröter |publisher= Institute of Southeast Asian Studies |year=2020 |isbn=9789814279123 | pages=3}}</ref> The Aceh Sultanate sustained the rivalry with the [[Johor Sultanate|Johor sultanate]], the Dutch, and the Portuguese throughout the 16th and 17th century. When the Dutch were weakened in the 18th century the British empire began to actively intervene in Aceh, establishing close relations between Banda Aceh and [[Penang]]. In the 17th and 18th century the Aceh Sultanate battled the [[Siak sultanate]] in the south of Sumatra. The port city of [[Banda Aceh]] was recorded in European historical writings since the 13th century. In terms of [[economic development]] the port of Banda Aceh only started to face competition in the 18th century when more ports were constructed in Sumatra for [[maritime transport]]. Nevertheless, major pepper suppliers used the port of Banda Aceh at the beginning of the 19th century. The port in [[Medan]] grew swiftly in the late 19th and early 20th century. Meanwhile the medium sized port of [[Palembang]] faced a stiff economic decline as the heritage of the Srivijaya empire was superseded by the [[economic policy]] of the [[Singhasari]] and [[Majapahit]]. The [[Palembang Sultanate|Palembang sultanate]] experienced a terminal decline in the early 19th century.<ref>{{Cite book|title= Fieldwork in Humanities Education in Singapore | editor-first1= Hwee Hwang |editor-last1= Sim |editor-first2= Teddy Y. H.| editor-last2= Sim |publisher= Springer Nature Singapore |year=2021 |isbn=9789811582332 | pages=290}}</ref>

With the coming of the [[Dutch Empire]], the many Sumatran princely states gradually fell under their control. Aceh posed major obstacles, as the Dutch were involved in the long and costly [[Aceh War]] (1873–1903).

During the [[Second World War]], [[Invasion of Sumatra|Japan invaded Sumatra]] in 1942.

The [[Free Aceh Movement]] fought against Indonesian government forces in the [[Insurgency in Aceh|Aceh Insurgency]] from 1976 to 2005.<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 July 2005 |title=Indonesia Agrees Aceh Peace Deal | publisher= BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/4690293.stm | website= bbc.co.uk |url-status=live |access-date=17 May 2015 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080309110911/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/4690293.stm |archive-date=9 March 2008}}</ref> Security crackdowns in 2001 and 2002 resulted in several thousand civilian deaths.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://hrw.org/reports/2003/indonesia1203/5.htm| title=Aceh Under Martial Law: Inside the Secret War: Human Rights and Humanitarian Law Violations| website= hrw.org| publisher=[[Human Rights Watch]]| access-date=17 May 2015| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306210847/https://www.hrw.org/reports/2003/indonesia1203/5.htm| archive-date=6 March 2016| url-status=live}}</ref>

The island was heavily impacted by both the 1883 [[Krakatoa|Krakatoa eruption]] and the 2004 [[2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami|Boxing Day Tsunami]].