Editing Supercluster (section)

==List of superclusters==

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left; width:100%;"
|-
! style="background:#efefef;"| Galaxy supercluster 
! style="background:#efefef;"| Data 
! style="background:#efefef;"| Notes 
|-
|Einasto Supercluster
|
* z = ~0.25 (3 billion light years )
* Length = 360 million light years
* Mass = 2.6 × 10<sup>16</sup> solar masses
|Discovered in 2023 by analyzing Sloan Digital Sky Survey images. Claimed to be the most massive galaxy supercluster discovered so far.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-19 |title=Einasto Supercluster: the new heavyweight contender in the universe {{!}} Tartu Ülikool |url=https://ut.ee/en/content/einasto-supercluster-new-heavyweight-contender-universe |access-date=2024-03-22 |website=ut.ee |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sankhyayan |first1=Shishir |last2=Bagchi |first2=Joydeep |last3=Tempel |first3=Elmo |last4=More |first4=Surhud |last5=Einasto |first5=Maret |last6=Dabhade |first6=Pratik |last7=Raychaudhury |first7=Somak |last8=Athreya |first8=Ramana |last9=Heinämäki |first9=Pekka |date=2023 |title=Identification of Superclusters and Their Properties in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey Using the WHL Cluster Catalog |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |language=en |volume=958 |issue=1 |pages=62 |doi=10.3847/1538-4357/acfaeb |doi-access=free |arxiv=2309.06251 |bibcode=2023ApJ...958...62S |issn=0004-637X}}</ref>
|-
|King Ghidorah Supercluster
|
*[[Redshift|z]] = 0.50-0.64
*Mass = 1 × 10<sup>16</sup> solar masses
|The most massive galaxy supercluster discovered until 2023.<ref name="Shimakawa">{{Cite journal|last1=Shimawaka|first1=Rhythm|last2=Okabe|first2=Nobuhiro|last3=Shirasaki|first3=Masat|last4=Tanaka|first4=Masayuki|date=22 November 2022|title=King Ghidorah Supercluster: Mapping the light and dark matter in a new supercluster at z = 0.55 using the subaru hyper suprime-cam|journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters|volume=519|issue=1|pages=L45–L50|url=https://academic.oup.com/mnrasl/article-abstract/519/1/L45/6847752?redirectedFrom=fulltext|url-access=subscription|bibcode=2023MNRAS.519L..45S|doi=10.1093/mnrasl/slac150|doi-access=free |arxiv=2211.11970|s2cid=253761264|issn=1745-3933}}</ref>
|-
| [[Laniakea Supercluster]]
|
* [[Redshift|z]] = 0.000 
* Length = 153 [[Megaparsec|Mpc]] (500 million light-years)
| The Laniakea Supercluster is the supercluster that contains the [[Virgo Cluster]], [[Local Group]], and by extension on the latter, our galaxy; the [[Milky Way]].<ref name=":02"/>
|-
| [[Virgo Supercluster]]
|
* z= 0.000 
* Length = 33 Mpc (110 million light-years)
| It contains the [[Local Group]] with our [[galaxy]], the [[Milky Way]]. It also contains the [[Virgo Cluster]] near its center, and is sometimes called the Local Supercluster. It is thought to contain over 47,000 galaxies.

A 2014 study indicates that the Virgo Supercluster is only a lobe of an even greater supercluster, Laniakea.<ref name="2014arXiv1409.0880T">{{cite journal |author=Tully |first1=R. Brent |last2=Courtois |first2=Helene |last3=Hoffman |first3=Yehuda |last4=Pomarède |first4=Daniel |author-link4=Daniel Pomarède |date=2 September 2014 |title=The Laniakea supercluster of galaxies |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |publication-date=4 September 2014 |volume=513 |pages=71–73 |arxiv=1409.0880 |bibcode=2014Natur.513...71T |doi=10.1038/nature13674 |pmid=25186900 |s2cid=205240232 |number=7516}}</ref>
|-
| [[Hydra–Centaurus Supercluster]] 
| 
| '''SCl 128''' - It is composed of two lobes, sometimes also referred to as superclusters, or sometimes the entire supercluster is referred to by these other two names 
*Hydra Supercluster
*Centaurus Supercluster

In 2014, the newly announced [[Laniakea Supercluster]] subsumed the Hydra-Centaurus Supercluster, which became a component of the new supercluster.<ref name=2014arXiv1409.0880T/>
|-
| [[Pavo–Indus Supercluster]]
| 
|
In 2014, the newly announced [[Laniakea Supercluster]] subsumed the Pavo-Indus Supercluster, which became a component of the new supercluster.<ref name=2014arXiv1409.0880T/>
|-
| [[Southern Supercluster]]
|
|
Includes [[Fornax Cluster]] (S373), Dorado and [[Eridanus Cluster|Eridanus]] clouds.<ref>{{cite book |chapter-url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4613-9356-6_65 |last=Mitra |first=Shyamal |title=The World of Galaxies |chapter=A Study of the Southern Supercluster |date=1989 |publisher=Springer, New York, NY. |pages=426–427 |doi=10.1007/978-1-4613-9356-6_65 |isbn=978-1-4613-9358-0 |access-date=23 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180609021849/https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4613-9356-6_65 |archive-date=9 June 2018}}</ref>
|-
|[[Saraswati Supercluster]]
|Distance = 4 billion light years (1.2 [[Gigaparsec|Gpc]])
Length = 652 Million light-years
|The Saraswati Supercluster consists of 43 massive galaxy clusters such as [[Abell 2361]] and has a mass of about {{Solar mass|2 x 10<sup>16</sup>|link=yes}} and is seen in the Pisces constellation
|}

===Nearby superclusters===

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left; width:100%;"
|-
! style="background:#efefef;"| Galaxy supercluster 
! style="background:#efefef;"| Data 
! style="background:#efefef;"| Notes 
|-
| [[Perseus–Pisces Supercluster]]
| 
| '''SCl 40'''
|-
| [[Coma Supercluster]]
| 
| '''SCl 117''' - Forms most of the [[CfA Homunculus]], the center of the [[CfA2 Great Wall]] [[galaxy filament]]
|-
| [[Sculptor Superclusters]]
| 
| '''SCl 9'''
|-
| [[Hercules Superclusters]]
| 
| '''SCl 160'''
|-
| [[Leo Supercluster]]
| 
| '''SCl 93'''
|-
| [[Ophiuchus Supercluster]]
| 
* {{RA|17|10}} {{DEC|-22}}
* cz=8500–9000&nbsp;km/s (centre)
* 18 Mpc x 26 Mpc
| (no '''SCl''' number) - Forming the far wall of the [[Ophiuchus Void]], it may be connected in a filament, with the [[Pavo-Indus-Telescopium Supercluster]] and the [[Hercules Supercluster]]. This supercluster is centered on the cD cluster [[Ophiuchus Cluster]], and has at least two more galaxy clusters, four more galaxy groups, several field galaxies, as members.<ref>
{{cite journal
 |author=Hasegawa, T. 
 |display-authors=etal
 |date=2000
 |title=Large-scale structure of galaxies in the Ophiuchus region
 |journal=[[Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society]]
 |volume=316 |issue=2 |pages=326–344
 |bibcode=2000MNRAS.316..326H
 |doi=10.1046/j.1365-8711.2000.03531.x
|doi-access=free
 }}</ref>
|-
| [[Shapley Supercluster]]
|
* z=0.046.(650 Mly away)
| '''SCl 124''' - The second supercluster found, after the Local Supercluster.
|}

===Distant superclusters===

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left; width:100%;"
|-
! style="background:#efefef;"| Galaxy supercluster 
! style="background:#efefef;"| Data 
! style="background:#efefef;"| Notes 
|-
| [[Pisces–Cetus Supercluster]]
| 
| '''SCl 10'''
|-
| Boötes Supercluster
| 
| '''SCl 138'''
|-
| [[Horologium–Reticulum Supercluster]]
|
:[[Redshift|z]]=0.063 (700 Mly)
:Length = 550 Mly
| '''SCl 48''' + '''SCl 49'''
|-
| [[Corona Borealis Supercluster]]
| 
:[[Redshift|z]]=0.07<ref name=postman88>{{cite journal |title=The dynamics of the Corona Borealis supercluster |author=Postman, M. |author2=Geller, M. J. |author3=Huchra, J. P. |journal=[[Astronomical Journal]] | volume= 95 |date= 1988 |pages= 267–83 |doi=	10.1086/114635 |bibcode=1988AJ.....95..267P}}</ref>
| '''SCl 158'''
|-
| Columba Supercluster
| 
| (no '''SCl''' number)
|-
| Aquarius Supercluster
| 
| '''SCl 4'''
|-
| Aquarius B Supercluster
| 
| '''SCl 193'''
|-
| Aquarius–Capricornus Supercluster
| 
| '''SCl 189'''
|-
| Aquarius–Cetus Supercluster
| 
| '''SCl 188'''
|-
| Bootes A Supercluster
| 
| '''SCl 150'''
|-
| Caelum Supercluster
| 
:[[Redshift|z]]=0.126 (1.4 Gly)
| '''SCl 59'''
|-
| [[Draco Supercluster]]
| 
| '''SCl 114'''
|-
| Draco–Ursa Major Supercluster
| 
| '''SCl 257'''
|-
| Fornax–Eridanus Supercluster
| 
| '''SCl 53'''
|-
| Grus Supercluster
| 
| '''SCl 197'''
|-
| Leo A Supercluster
| 
| '''SCl 100'''
|-
| Leo–Sextans Supercluster
| 
| '''SCl 91'''
|-
| Leo–Virgo Supercluster
| 
| '''SCl 107'''
|-
| [[Microscopium Supercluster]]
| 
| '''SCl 174'''
|-
| Pegasus–Pisces Supercluster
| 
| '''SCl 3'''
|-
| [[Perseus–Pisces Supercluster]]
| 
| '''SCl 40'''
|-
| [[Pisces–Aries Supercluster]]
|
| '''SCl 30'''
|-
| [[Ursa Majoris Supercluster]]
|
| '''SCl 109'''
|-
| [[Virgo-Coma Supercluster]]
| 
| '''SCl 111'''
|}

===Extremely distant superclusters===

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left; width:100%;"
|-
! style="background:#efefef;"| Galaxy supercluster 
! style="background:#efefef;"| Data 
! style="background:#efefef;"| Notes 
|-
| [[Hyperion proto-supercluster]]
| [[Redshift|z]]=2.45
| This supercluster at the time of its discovery in 2018 was the earliest and largest proto-supercluster found to date.<ref>{{citation |author=Miranda |first=Natalia A. Ramos |title=Scientists in Chile unveil 'A Cosmic Titan' cluster of galaxies |date=October 17, 2018 |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-space-galaxy/scientists-in-chile-unveil-a-cosmic-titan-cluster-of-galaxies-idUSKCN1MR2RS |publisher=Reuters}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|arxiv=1806.06073|title=The progeny of a Cosmic Titan: a massive multi-component proto-supercluster in formation at z=2.45 in VUDS|last1=Cucciati|first1=O.|last2=Lemaux|first2=B. C.|last3=Zamorani|first3=G.|last4=Le Fevre|first4=O.|last5=Tasca|first5=L. A. M.|last6=Hathi|first6=N. P.|last7=Lee|first7=K-G.|last8=Bardelli|first8=S.|last9=Cassata|first9=P.|last10=Garilli|first10=B.|last11=Le Brun|first11=V.|last12=Maccagni|first12=D.|last13=Pentericci|first13=L.|last14=Thomas|first14=R.|last15=Vanzella|first15=E.|last16=Zucca|first16=E.|last17=Lubin|first17=L. M.|last18=Amorin|first18=R.|last19=Cassara'|first19=L. P.|last20=Cimatti|first20=A.|last21=Talia|first21=M.|last22=Vergani|first22=D.|last23=Koekemoer|first23=A.|last24=Pforr|first24=J.|last25=Salvato|first25=M.|journal = [[Astronomy & Astrophysics]]|year=2018|volume = 619|pages = A49|doi = 10.1051/0004-6361/201833655|bibcode = 2018A&A...619A..49C|s2cid = 119472428}}</ref>
|-
| [[Lynx Supercluster]] 
| [[Redshift|z]]=1.27 
| Discovered in 1999<ref>
{{cite journal
 |author=Rosati, P. 
 |display-authors=etal
 |date=1999
 |title=An X-Ray-Selected Galaxy Cluster at z = 1.26
 |journal=[[The Astronomical Journal]]
 |volume=118 |issue=1 |pages=76–85
 |arxiv=astro-ph/9903381
 |bibcode=1999AJ....118...76R
 |doi=10.1086/300934
|s2cid=2560006
 }}</ref> (as [[ClG J0848+4453]], a name now used to describe the western cluster, with [[ClG J0849+4452]] being the eastern one),<ref>
{{cite web
 |title=Lynx Supercluster
 |url=http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=NAME%20LYNX%20SUPERCLUSTER
 |work=[[SIMBAD]]
}}</ref> it contains at least two clusters [[RXJ 0848.9+4452]] (z=1.26) and [[RXJ 0848.6+4453]] (z=1.27) . At the time of discovery, it became the most distant known supercluster.<ref>
{{cite journal
 |author=Nakata, F. 
 |display-authors=etal
 |date=2004
 |title=Discovery of a large-scale clumpy structure of the Lynx supercluster at z∼1.27
 |journal=[[Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union]]
 |volume=2004 |pages=29–33
 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]
 |bibcode=2004ogci.conf...29N
 |doi=10.1017/S1743921304000080
 |doi-broken-date=1 November 2024
 |isbn=0-521-84908-X
|doi-access=free
 }}</ref> Additionally, seven smaller groups of galaxies are associated with the supercluster.<ref>
{{cite journal
 |author=Ohta, K. 
 |display-authors=etal
 |date=2003
 |title=Optical Identification of the ASCA Lynx Deep Survey: An Association of Quasi-Stellar Objects and a Supercluster at z = 1.3?
 |journal=[[The Astrophysical Journal]]
 |volume=598 |issue=1
 |pages=210–215
 |arxiv=astro-ph/0308066
 |bibcode=2003ApJ...598..210O
 |doi=10.1086/378690
|s2cid=117171639
 }}</ref> 
|-
| SCL @ 1338+27 at z=1.1
| 
[[Redshift|z]]=1.1

Length=70Mpc
| A rich supercluster with several galaxy clusters was discovered around an unusual concentration of 23 [[quasar|QSO]]s at z=1.1 in 2001. The size of the complex of clusters may indicate a [[galaxy filament|wall of galaxies]] exists there, instead of a single supercluster. The size discovered approaches the size of the [[CfA2 Great Wall]] filament. At the time of the discovery, it was the largest and most distant supercluster beyond z=0.5<ref>
{{cite conference
 |author=Tanaka, I.
 |date=2004
 |title=Subaru Observation of a Supercluster of Galaxies and QSOS at Z = 1.1
 |book-title=Studies of Galaxies in the Young Universe with New Generation Telescope, Proceedings of Japan-German Seminar, held in Sendai, Japan, July 24–28, 2001
 |pages=61–64
 |bibcode=2004sgyu.conf...61T
}}</ref><ref>
{{cite journal
 |author=Tanaka, I.
 |author2=Yamada, T.
 |author3=Turner, E. L.
 |author4=Suto, Y.
 |date=2001
 |title=Superclustering of Faint Galaxies in the Field of a QSO Concentration at z ~ 1.1
 |journal=[[The Astrophysical Journal]]
 |volume=547 |issue= 2|pages=521–530
 |arxiv=astro-ph/0009229
 |bibcode=2001ApJ...547..521T
 |doi=10.1086/318430
|s2cid=119439816
 }}</ref>
|-
| SCL @ 1604+43 at z=0.9
| [[Redshift|z]]=0.91
| This supercluster at the time of its discovery was the largest supercluster found so deep into space, in 2000. It consisted of two known rich clusters and one newly discovered cluster as a result of the study that discovered it. The then known clusters were [[Cl 1604+4304]] (z=0.897) and [[Cl 1604+4321]] (z=0.924), which then known to have 21 and 42 known galaxies respectively. The then newly discovered cluster was located at {{RA|16|04|25.7}}, {{DEC|+43|14|44.7}}<ref>{{cite journal
 |title=A Definitive Optical Detection of a Supercluster at z ≈ 0.91
 |date=2000
 |author=Lubin, L. M.
 |display-authors=etal
 |journal=[[The Astrophysical Journal]]
 |volume=531 |issue=1 |pages=L5–L8
 |arxiv=astro-ph/0001166
 |bibcode=2000ApJ...531L...5L
 |doi=10.1086/312518
 |pmid=10673401
|s2cid=14588174
 }}</ref>
|-
<!--
| [[North Ecliptic Pole Supercluster]] ([[NEP Supercluster]], [[NEPSC]]) 
| z=0.88 
| 
|-
-->
| SCL @ 0018+16 at z=0.54 in SA26
| [[Redshift|z]]=0.54
| This supercluster lies around radio galaxy [[54W084C]] (z=0.544) and is composed of at least three large clusters, [[CL 0016+16]] (z=0.5455), [[RX J0018.3+1618]] (z=0.5506), [[RX J0018.8+1602]] .<ref>
{{cite journal
 |title=Superclustering at Redshift z = 0.54
 |date=1996
 |author=Connolly, A. J.
 |display-authors=etal
 |journal=[[The Astrophysical Journal Letters]]
 |volume=473 |issue=2 |pages=L67–L70
 |arxiv=astro-ph/9610047
 |bibcode=1996ApJ...473L..67C
 |doi=10.1086/310395
|s2cid=17697662
 }}</ref> 
|-
| [[MS 0302+17]]
| 
[[Redshift|z]]=0.42

Length=6Mpc
| This supercluster has at least three member clusters, the eastern cluster [[CL 0303+1706]], southern cluster [[MS 0302+1659]] and northern cluster [[MS 0302+1717]].<ref>University of Hawaii, [http://www.ifa.hawaii.edu/~kaiser/pictures/ms0302/caption.html "The MS0302+17 Supercluster"], Nick Kaiser. Retrieved 15 September 2009.</ref>
|-
|}