Editing Surgery (section)

===Types of surgery===
Surgical procedures are commonly categorized by urgency, type of procedure, body system involved, the degree of invasiveness, and special instrumentation.
* Based on timing:{{citation needed|date=May 2023}}
** [[Elective surgery]] is done to correct a non-life-threatening condition, and is carried out at the person's convenience, or to the surgeon's and the surgical facility's availability.
** [[Semi-elective surgery]] is one that is better done early to avoid complications or potential deterioration of the patient's condition, but such risk are sufficiently low that the procedure can be postponed for a short period time.
** [[Emergency surgery]] is surgery which must be done without any delay to prevent death or serious disabilities or loss of limbs and functions.
* Based on purpose:{{citation needed|date=May 2023}}
** [[Exploratory surgery]] is performed to establish or aid a [[diagnosis]].
** Therapeutic surgery is performed to treat a previously diagnosed condition.
*** Curative surgery is a therapeutic procedure done to permanently remove a pathology.
** [[Plastic surgery]] is done to improve a body part's function or appearance. 
*** [[Reconstructive plastic surgery]] is done to improve the function or subjective appearance of a damaged or malformed body part.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Reconstructive Procedures |url=https://www.plasticsurgery.org/reconstructive-procedures |access-date=2024-05-24 |website=American Society of Plastic Surgeons |language=en}}</ref>
*** [[Cosmetic surgery]] is done to subjectively improve the appearance of an otherwise normal body part.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cosmetic Procedures |url=https://www.plasticsurgery.org/cosmetic-procedures |access-date=2024-05-24 |website=American Society of Plastic Surgeons |language=en}}</ref>
** [[Bariatric surgery]] is done to assist [[weight loss]] when dietary and pharmaceutical methods alone have failed.
** Non-survival surgery, or terminal surgery, is where [[Euthanasia]] is performed while the subject is under [[Anesthesia]] so that the subject will not regain conscious pain perception.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 May 2005 |title=UCLA Non-survival Surgical Procedures |url=https://rsawa.research.ucla.edu/arc/non-survival-surgery-procedures/ |website=UCLA Research Policy & Compliance}}</ref> This type of surgery is usually done in [[Animal testing]] experiments.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 July 2008 |title=IACUC Policy on Surgery |url=https://www.research.uky.edu/uploads/iacuc-doc-102}}</ref>
{{anchor|Resection}}
* By type of procedure:
** '''[[Amputation]]''' involves removing an entire [[wikt:body part|body part]], usually a [[limb (anatomy)|limb]] or [[digit (anatomy)|digit]]; [[castration]] is the amputation of [[testes]]; [[circumcision]] is the removal of [[Foreskin|prepuce]] from the [[Human penis|penis]] or [[clitoral hood]] from the [[clitoris]] (see [[female circumcision]]). '''[[Replantation]]''' involves reattaching a severed body part.
** '''Resection''' is the removal of all or part of an [[internal organ]] and/or [[connective tissue]]. A [[segmental resection]] specifically removes an independent vascular region of an organ such as a [[lobes of liver|hepatic segment]], a [[bronchopulmonary segment]] or a [[renal lobe]].<ref name="NCI">{{cite web |title=segmental resection |url=https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/segmental-resection |website=National Cancer Institute Dictionary of Cancer Terms |access-date=31 July 2020 |language=en }}</ref> '''Excision''' is the resection of only part of an organ, tissue or other body part (e.g. [[skin]]) without discriminating specific vascular territories. '''Exenteration''' is the complete removal of all organs and [[soft tissue]] content (especially [[lymphoid tissue]]s) within a [[body cavity]].
** '''[[Surgical extirpation|Extirpation]]''' is the complete excision or surgical destruction of a body part.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/extirpation|title=extirpation|website=[[Merriam-Webster]] dictionary|access-date=2020-02-20}}</ref>
** '''[[Ablation]]''' is destruction of tissue through the use of energy-transmitting devices such as [[electrocautery]]/[[fulguration]], [[laser ablation|laser]], [[focused ultrasound]] or [[cryoablation|freezing]].
** '''Repair''' involves the direct closure or restoration of an injured, mutilated or deformed organ or body part, usually by [[suturing]] or [[internal fixation]]. '''[[Reconstructive surgery|Reconstruction]]''' is an extensive repair of a complex body part (such as [[joint]]s), often with some degrees of structural/functional replacement and commonly involves grafting and/or use of implants.
** '''[[Graft (surgery)|Grafting]]''' is the relocation and establishment of a tissue from one part of the body to another. A [[flap (surgery)|flap]] is the relocation of a tissue without complete separation of its original attachment, and a [[free flap]] is a completely detached flap that carries an intact neurovascular structure ready for grafting onto a new location.
** '''[[Bypass surgery|Bypass]]''' involves the relocation/grafting of a tubular structure onto another in order to reroute the content flow of that target structure from a specific segment directly to a more distal ("downstream") segment.
** '''[[Implant (medicine)|Implant]]ation''' is insertion of artificial [[medical device]]s to replace or augment existing tissue.
** '''[[Organ transplantation|Transplant]]ation''' is the replacement of an organ or body part by insertion of another from a different human (or animal) into the person undergoing surgery. '''[[Organ procurement|Harvesting]]''' is the resection of an organ or body part from a live human or animal (known as the ''[[organ donation|donor]]'') for transplantation into another patient (known as the ''recipient'').
* By [[organ system]]: Surgical specialties are traditionally and academically categorized by the organ, organ system or body region involved. Examples include:
** [[Cardiac surgery]] — the [[heart]] and [[mediastinal]] [[great vessels]];
** [[Thoracic surgery]] — the [[thoracic cavity]] including the [[lung]]s;
** [[Gastrointestinal surgery]] — the [[digestive tract]] and its accessory organs;
** [[Vascular surgery]] — the extra-mediastinal great vessels and peripheral [[circulatory system]];
** [[Urological surgery]] — the [[genitourinary system]];
** [[ENT surgery]] — [[ear]], [[nose]] and [[throat]], also known as [[head and neck surgery]] when including the [[neck]] region;
** [[Oral and maxillofacial surgery]] — the [[oral cavity]], jaws, and face;
** [[Neurosurgery]] — the [[central nervous system]], and;
** [[Orthopedic surgery]] — the [[musculoskeletal system]].
* By degree of invasiveness of surgical procedures:
** Conventional [[open surgery]] (such as a [[laparotomy]]) requires a large incision to access the area of interest, and directly exposes the internal body cavity to the outside.
** [[Minimally-invasive procedures|Minimally-invasive surgery]] involves much smaller surface incisions or even natural orifices ([[nostril]], [[mouth]], [[anus]] or [[urethra]]) to insert miniaturized instruments within a body cavity or structure, as in [[laparoscopic surgery]] or [[angioplasty]].
** Hybrid surgery uses a combination of open and minimally-invasive techniques, and may include hand ports or larger incisions to assist with performance of elements of the procedure.
* By equipment used:
** [[Laser surgery]] involves use of [[laser ablation]] to divide tissue instead of a [[scalpel]], [[scissors]] or similar sharp-edged instruments.
** [[Cryosurgery]] uses low-temperature [[cryoablation]] to freeze and destroy a target tissue.
** [[Electrosurgery]] involves use of [[electrocautery]] to cut and coagulate tissue.
** [[Microsurgery]] involves the use of an operating [[microscope]] for the surgeon to see and manipulate small structures.
** [[Endoscopic surgery]] uses [[optical instrument]]s to relay the image from inside an enclosed body cavity to the outside, and the surgeon performs the procedure using specialized handheld instruments inserted through [[trocar]]s placed through the body wall. Most modern endoscopic procedures are ''video-assisted'', meaning the images are viewed on a [[electronic visual display|display screen]] rather than through the [[eyepiece]] on the endoscope.
** [[Robotic surgery]] makes use of [[robotics]] such as the [[Da Vinci Surgical System|Da Vinci]] or the [[ZEUS robotic surgical system]]s, to [[remote control|remotely control]] endoscopic or minimally-invasive instruments.