Editing Symbols of Europe (section)

==Europa regina==
{{Main|Europa regina}}
[[File:Europe As A Queen Sebastian Munster 1570.jpg|thumb|200px|''Europa regina'' in [[Sebastian Münster]]'s "''[[Cosmographia (Sebastian Münster)|Cosmographia]]''".]]
Europa regina ([[Latin language|Latin]] for ''Queen Europe'') is the [[cartography|cartographic]] depiction of the European continent as a queen.<ref name=Landwehr279>Landwehr & Stockhorst (2004), p. 279</ref><ref name="Werner 2009, p. 243">Werner (2009), p. 243</ref> Introduced and made popular during the [[Mannerism|mannerist]] period, ''Europa Regina'' is the [[map]]-like depiction of the [[Europe|European continent]] as a queen.<ref name=Landwehr279/><ref name="Werner 2009, p. 243"/> Made popular in the 16th century, the map shows Europe as a young and graceful woman wearing [[imperial regalia]]. The [[Iberian Peninsula]] (''Hispania'') is the head, wearing a crown shaped like the [[Carolingian Empire|Carolingian]] [[hoop crown]]. The [[Pyrenees]], forming the neck, separate the Iberian Peninsula from [[France]] ([[Gallia]]), which makes up the upper chest. The [[Holy Roman Empire]] ([[Germania]] and other territories) is the centre of the torso, with [[Bohemia]] (sometimes [[Austria]] in early depictions) being the heart of the woman (alternatively described as a medallion at her waist). Her long gown stretches to [[Hungary]], [[Poland]], [[Lithuania]], [[Livonia]], [[Bulgaria]], [[Grand Duchy of Moscow|Muscovy]], [[Macedonia (region)|Macedonia]] and [[Greece]]. In her arms, formed by [[Italy]] and [[Denmark]], she holds a [[sceptre]] and an [[globus cruciger|orb]] ([[Sicily]]).<ref name=Werner244/> In most depictions, [[Africa]], [[Asia]] and the [[Scandinavia]]n peninsula are partially shown,<ref name=Werner244/> as are the [[British Isles]], in schematic form.<ref name=Werner244>Werner (2009), p. 244</ref>

The first map to depict Europe in this manner was made by Johannes Bucius Aenicola (1516–1542) in 1537.<ref name=BennholdtThomsen22>Bennholdt-Thomsen (1999), p. 22</ref><ref name=Borgolte16>Borgolte (2001), p. 16</ref><ref name=Schmale244>Schmale (2004), p. 244</ref> Though much about the origination and initial perception of this map is uncertain,<ref name=Schmale244/> it is known that Putsch maintained close relations with [[Holy Roman Empire|Holy Roman Emperor]] [[Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor|Ferdinand I]] of [[House of Habsburg|Habsburg]],<ref name=Schmale244/><ref name=Wendehorst63>Wendehorst & Westphal (2006), p. 63</ref> and that the map's popularity increased significantly during the second half of the 16th century.<ref name=Schmale244/> ''Europa Regina'' was introduced in the 1530s by the Austrian cartographer Johannes Putsch, possibly with the intent of depicting Europe as the spouse of [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles V]] of [[House of Habsburg|Habsburg]], who aspired to become the universal monarch of Christendom and reigned over numerous realms including the [[Holy Roman Empire]], Austrian lands, Burgundian territories, and the kingdom of [[Habsburg Spain|Spain]].<ref name=Werner244/><ref name=Wendehorst63/> Arguments in favour of this hypothesis are the westward orientation of the map to have ''Hispania'' as the crowned head, said to resemble the face of Charles V's wife, [[Isabella of Portugal]]; the use of the Holy Roman Empire's ''insignia'' – its Carolingian crown, sceptre and orb – and the portrayal of Habsburg realms (Austria, Bohemia, Hungary, Germany) as the heart and centre of the body; the design of the gown, which resembles the contemporary dress code at the Habsburg court.<ref>''Europeanness in Early Modern Latin Literature'', Isabella Walser-Bürgler, p. 60</ref><ref name=Wendehorst63/><ref name=Werner244/><ref name=Werner245>Werner (2009), p. 245</ref> As in contemporary portraits of couples, ''Europa regina'' has her head turned to her right and also holds the orb with her right hand, which has been interpreted as facing and offering power to her imaginary husband, the emperor.<ref name=Werner245/> More general, Europe is shown as the ''[[res publica christiana]]'',<ref name=Wendehorst63/> the united [[Christendom]] in medieval tradition,<ref name=Werner244/> and [[great power|great]]<ref name=Landwehr279/> or even dominant power in the world.<ref name=Werner245/>

Another allegory is the attribution of Europe as the [[paradise]] by special placement of the water bodies.<ref name=Wendehorst63/> As contemporary iconography depicted the paradise as a closed form, ''Europa regina'' is enclosed by seas and rivers.<ref name=Wendehorst63/> The [[Danube]] river is depicted in a way that it resembles the course of the biblical river flowing through the paradise, with its estuary formed by four arms.<ref name=Wendehorst63/> That ''Europa regina'' is surrounded by water is also an allusion to the mythological Europa, who was abducted by Zeus and carried over the water.<ref name=Werner245/> ''Europa regina'' belongs to the Early Modern allegory of ''Europa triumphans'', as opposed to ''Europa deplorans''.<ref>Werner (2009), pp. 243ff</ref>