Editing Synchronous optical networking (section)

==Protocol overview{{anchor|Structure of SONET/SDH signals}}==
SONET and SDH often use different terms to describe identical features or functions. This can cause confusion and exaggerate their differences. With a few exceptions, SDH can be thought of as a superset of SONET.

SONET is a set of transport containers that allow for delivery of a variety of protocols, including traditional telephony, ATM, Ethernet, and TCP/IP traffic. SONET therefore is not in itself a native communications protocol and should not be confused as being necessarily [[Connection-oriented communication|connection-oriented]] in the way that term is usually used.

The protocol is a heavily multiplexed structure, with the [[header (computing)|header]] interleaved between the data in a complex way. This permits the encapsulated data to have its own frame rate and be able to "float around" relative to the SDH/SONET frame structure and rate. This interleaving permits a very low [[latency (engineering)|latency]] for the encapsulated data. Data passing through equipment can be delayed by at most 32&nbsp;[[microsecond|μs]], compared to a frame rate of 125&nbsp;μs; in many competing protocols, which buffer the data during such transits for at least one frame or packet before sending it on. Extra padding is allowed for the multiplexed data to move within the overall framing, as the data is clocked at a different rate than the frame rate. The protocol is made more complex by the decision to permit this padding at most levels of the multiplexing structure, but it improves all-around performance.