Editing Systems thinking (section)

===Ptolemaic system versus the Copernican system===
The term ''[[#System|system]]'' is [[polysemy|polysemic]]: [[Robert Hooke]] (1674) used it in multiple senses, in his System of the World,<ref name="hooke1674" />{{rp|p.24}} but also in the sense of the [[Ptolemaic system]] versus the [[Copernican heliocentrism|Copernican system]]<ref name="marchal" />{{rp|450}} of the relation of the planets to the fixed stars<ref name="voisey">Jon Voisey ''Universe Today''  [https://www.universetoday.com/159885/the-historic-discussion-of-ptolemys-star-catalog/ (14 Oct 2022) Scholarly History of Ptolemy’s Star Catalog Index]</ref> which are cataloged in [[Hipparchus star catalog|Hipparchus]]' and [[Almagest|Ptolemy's Star catalog]].<ref>Jessica Lightfoot ''Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies'' '''57''' (2017) 935–9672017  [https://www.scribd.com/document/397984078/Hipparchus-Commentary-on-Aratus-and-Eudoxus-Introduction-pdf Hipparchus Commentary On Aratus and Eudoxus ]</ref> Hooke's claim was answered in magisterial detail by Newton's (1687) ''[[Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica]]'', Book three, ''The System of the World''<ref name="systemateMundi">Newton, Isaac (1687) ''[[Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica]]''</ref>{{rp|Book three}} (that is, ''the system of the world'' is a [[physical system]]).<ref name="hooke1674">Hooke, Robert [https://echo.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/ECHOdocuView?url=/mpiwg/online/permanent/library/XXTBUC3U/pageimg&pn=25&mode=imagepath (1674)  An attempt to prove the motion of the earth from observations ]</ref>

Newton's approach, using [[dynamical system]]s continues to this day.<ref name="marchal">{{cite journal | last=Marchal | first=J. H. | title=On the Concept of a System | journal=Philosophy of Science | publisher=[Cambridge University Press, The University of Chicago Press, Philosophy of Science Association] | volume=42 | issue=4 | year=1975 | issn=0031-8248 | jstor=187223 | pages=448–468 | doi=10.1086/288663 | url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/187223 | access-date=2024-05-31| url-access=subscription }} as reprinted in Gerald Midgely (ed.) (2002) ''Systems thinking'' vol '''One'''</ref> In brief, Newton's equations (a [[system of equations]]) have methods for [[equation solving|their solution]].