Editing Tabulating machine (section)

==Following the 1890 census==
The advantages of the technology were immediately apparent for [[accounting]] and tracking [[inventory]].  Hollerith started his own business as ''The Hollerith Electric Tabulating System'', specializing in [[Unit record equipment|punched card data processing equipment]].<ref>{{cite book |last= Austrian |first=Geoffrey D.
|title= Herman Hollerith: The Forgotten Giant of Information Processing |publisher= Columbia University Press |year= 1982 |page= 153 |isbn= 0-231-05146-8}}</ref> In 1896 he incorporated the Tabulating Machine Company. In that year he introduced the Hollerith Integrating Tabulator, which could add numbers coded on punched cards, not just count the number of holes. Punched cards were still read manually using the pins and mercury pool reader. 1900 saw the Hollerith Automatic Feed Tabulator used in that year's U.S. census. A [[plugboard|control panel]] was incorporated in the 1906 Type&nbsp;1.<ref>{{cite web|website =  Columbia University Computing History |url = http://www.columbia.edu/cu/computinghistory/tabulator.html |title = IBM Tabulators and Accounting Machines|date = 26 December 2019 |first = Frank |last =da Cruz}}</ref> 

In 1911, four corporations, including Hollerith's firm, were [[Consolidation (business)|amalgamated (via stock acquisition)]] to form a fifth company, the [[Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company]] (CTR). The [[Powers Accounting Machine|Powers Accounting Machine Company]] was formed that same year and, like Hollerith, with machines first developed at the Census Bureau. In 1919 the first [[Fredrik Rosing Bull|Bull]] tabulator prototype was developed. Tabulators that could print, and with removable control panels, appeared in the 1920s. In 1924 CTR was renamed [[International Business Machines]] (IBM).  In 1927 Remington Rand acquired the Powers Accounting Machine Company.  In 1933 The Tabulating Machine Company was subsumed into IBM. These companies continued to develop faster and more sophisticated tabulators, culminating in tabulators such as 1949 [[IBM 407]] and 1952 [[Remington Rand 409]]. Tabulating machines continued to be used well after the introduction of commercial electronic [[computer]]s in the 1950s.

Many applications using unit record tabulators were migrated to computers such as the [[IBM 1401]].  Two programming languages, [[FARGO (programming language)|FARGO]] and [[RPG programming language|RPG]], were created to aid this migration.  Since tabulator control panels were based on the machine cycle, both FARGO and RPG emulated the notion of the machine cycle and training material showed the control panel vs. programming language coding sheet relationships.