Editing Teach-in (section)

==Subsequent antiwar teach-ins==
[[File:Ucla-vietnam-war-teach-in-1966-03-25.jpg|alt=Leaflet is 8.5 x 14 inches and lists 21 speakers.|thumb|UCLA Vietnam Day Committee leaflet promoting its 25 March 1966 antiwar teach-in]]
The Michigan teach-in received national press, including an article published in the March 25, 1965 issue of the ''New York Times''.<ref name="NYT1965"/> It went on to inspire 35 more teach-ins on college campuses within the next week. By the end of the year, there had been teach-ins at 120 campuses.<ref name="DeBenedetti"/>{{rp|108}} Antiwar teach-ins were held until the end of the Vietnam War. These included:<ref name="ZaroulisSullivan"/>
* Columbia University, March 26, 1965<ref>{{cite news|last1=Phillips|first1=McCandlish|title=Now the Teach-In: U.S. Policy In Vietnam Criticized All Night|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9E00E0DA153CE733A25754C2A9659C946491D6CF&legacy=true|access-date=11 November 2016|work=The New York Times|date=27 March 1965|page=29}}</ref>
* University of Wisconsin, April 1, 1965
* University of Pennsylvania, Swarthmore College, and Temple University (coordinated), April 7, 1965
* Rutgers University, April 23, 1965<ref>{{cite news|title=A Rally at Rutgers|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1965/04/24/archives/a-rally-at-rutgers.html|access-date=11 November 2016|work=The New York Times (special)|date=24 April 1965|page=2}}</ref>
* Boston University, May 5, 1965
* National Teach-In (televised), Sheraton Park Hotel, Washington DC, May 15, 1965
* U.C. Berkeley, May 21–22, 1965
* Kent State University, spring 1965
* Harvard University, spring 1965
* Goucher College, spring 1965
* Marist College, spring 1965
* Principia College, spring 1965
* Flint Junior College, spring 1965
* Case Western University, spring 1965
* Berkeley, October 15, 1965
* UCLA, March 25, 1966<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/ucla-vietnam-war-teach-in-1966-03-25|title=UCLA Vietnam Day Committee planning and promotional documents for 25 March 1966 antiwar teach-in|date=25 March 1966}}</ref>
* New York University, March 30, 1971
* First Congregation Church, Washington, October 25–26, 1971
* Brandeis University, April 1975

Not all college students at the time were antiwar protesters, however. At many teach-ins, pro-war students showed up to protest or signed letters of support for college administration, including at Kent State University, the University of Wisconsin, and Yale University.<ref name="DeBenedetti"/>{{rp|108}}

===Teach-in at U.C. Berkeley===
The largest Vietnam teach-in was held on May 21–22, 1965 at [[University of California, Berkeley|U.C. Berkeley]]. The event was organized by the newly formed [[Vietnam Day Committee]] (VDC), an organizing group founded by ex-grad student [[Jerry Rubin]], Professor [[Stephen Smale]], and others. The event was held on a playing field where [[Zellerbach Hall|Zellerbach Auditorium]] is now located. Over the course of 36 hours, an estimated 30,000 people attended the event.<ref>{{cite book|last=Farrell|first=James J. |title=The spirit of the sixties: making postwar radicalism|publisher=Routledge|year=1997|isbn=0-415-91386-1}}</ref>
The State Department was invited by the VDC to send a representative, but declined. UC Berkeley professors [[Eugene Burdick]] and Robert A. Scalapino, who had agreed to speak in defense of President Johnson's handling of the war, withdrew at the last minute. An empty chair was set aside on the stage with a sign reading "Reserved for the State Department" taped to the back.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Rorabaugh|first1=W.J.|title=Berkeley at war: the 1960s|url=https://archive.org/details/berkeleyatwar19600rora|url-access=registration|date=1989|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York|isbn=0195066677}}</ref> {{rp|91–94}}

Participants in the event included Dr. [[Benjamin Spock]]; veteran socialist leader [[Norman Thomas]]; novelist [[Norman Mailer]]; independent journalist [[I. F. Stone]] and historian [[Isaac Deutscher]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Isaac Deutscher, UC Berkeley Teach-In, May 1965|url=http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/MRC/pacificaviet/deutschertranscript.html|website=Library, University of California, Berkeley|access-date=11 November 2016}}</ref> Other speakers included: California Assemblymen [[Willie Brown (politician)|Willie Brown]], [[William Stanton (California Assemblyman)|William Stanton]] and [[John L. Burton|John Burton]]; [[Dave Dellinger]] (political activist); James Aronson ([[National Guardian]] magazine); philosopher [[Alan Watts]]; comedian [[Dick Gregory]]; [[Paul Krassner]] (editor, [[The Realist]]); [[M.S. Arnoni]] (philosopher, writer, political activist); [[Edward Keating]] (publisher, [[Ramparts Magazine]]); [[Felix Greene]] (author and film producer); Isadore Zifferstein (psychologist); Stanley Scheinbaum ([[Center for the Study of Democratic Institutions]]); [[Paul Jacobs (activist)|Paul Jacobs]] (journalist and anti-nuclear activist); [[Hal Draper]] (Marxist writer and a socialist activist); Levi Laud ([[Progressive Labor Movement]]); Si Casady ([[California Democratic Council]]); [[George Clark (activist)|George Clark]] (British [[Committee of 100 (United Kingdom)|Committee of 100]]/[[Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament]]); Robert Pickus (Turn Toward Peace); [[Bob Moses (activist)|Bob Moses]] ([[Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee]]); [[Jack Barnes (politician)|Jack Barnes]] (National Chair of the [[Young Socialist Alliance]]); [[Mario Savio]] ([[Free Speech Movement]]); Paul Potter ([[Students for a Democratic Society (1960 organization)|Students for a Democratic Society]]); and Mike Meyerson (national head of the Du Bois Clubs of America). British philosopher and pacifist [[Bertrand Russell]] sent a taped message to the teach-in.

Faculty participants included Professor [[Staughton Lynd]] (Yale); Professor [[Gerald Berreman]]; and Professor [[Aaron Wildavsky]]. Performers included folk singer [[Phil Ochs]]; the improv group [[The Committee (improv group)|The Committee]]; and others. The proceedings were recorded and broadcast, many of them live, by Berkeley FM station KPFA. Excerpts from the speeches by Lynd, Wildavsky, Scheer, Potter, Krassner, Moses (credited as Bob Parris, his middle name), Spock, Stone, Gregory, and Arnoni were released the following year as an LP by Folkways Records, FD5765.<ref>{{cite web|title=Berkeley Teach-In: Vietnam. Voices and Documents.|url=http://media.smithsonianfolkways.org/liner_notes/folkways/FW05765.pdf|website=Smithsonian Folkways|publisher=Folkways Records|access-date=11 November 2016}}</ref> An online archive, including recordings and transcripts of many of the participants, is maintained by the Library of the University of California, Berkeley.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/MRC/pacificaviet.html#65anti | title = The Pacifica Radio/UC Berkeley Social Activism Sound Recording Project:Anti-Vietnam War Protests in the San Francisco Bay Area & Beyond | publisher = University of California Berkeley Library | access-date = 8 December 2016 }}</ref>

===Scrutiny and surveillance===
As part of the [[Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War|antiwar movement]] at the time, teach-ins were regarded by the FBI (then directed by [[J. Edgar Hoover]]) and the Lyndon B. Johnson administration as potentially dangerous to national interests. At a teach-in organized by the Universities Committee on Problems of War and Peace, 13 undercover agents attended and identified students, faculty, speakers, and activists by name and affiliation, passing the information to the FBI.<ref name="davis">{{cite book|last1=Davis|first1=James Kirkpatrick|title=Assault on the left the FBI and the sixties antiwar movement|date=1997|publisher=Praeger|location=Westport, Conn.|isbn=0275954552|url=https://archive.org/details/assaultonleftfbi00davi}}</ref>{{rp|29}}
A Senate study, "The Anti-Vietnam Agitation and the Teach-In Movement," was prepared in October 1965 by the Subcommittee to Investigate the Administration of the Internal Security Act and Other Internal Security Laws.<ref name="senatestudy">{{cite book|last1=United States Senate|title=The Anti-Vietnam Agitation and the Teach-In Movement: A Study Prepared for the Subcommittee to Investigate the Administration of the Internal Security Act and Other Internal Security Laws to the Committee on the Judiciary.|date=October 22, 1965|publisher=US Government Printing Office|pages=28–33}}</ref> This report stated, "In reality, the great majority of teach-ins (there were a few notable exceptions to this rule) have had absolutely nothing in common with the procedures of fair debate or the process of education. In practice, they were a combination of an indoctrination session, a political protest demonstration, an endurance contest, and a variety show." The study claimed that teach-ins were a form of Communist activity, noting that "people of known Communist background were frequently involved."<ref name="senatestudy"/>{{rp|xii}}

===Legacy of antiwar teach-ins===
<blockquote>
"[The] stroke of genius out there in Michigan ... put the debate on the map for the whole academic community. And you could not be an intellectual after those teach-ins and not think a lot and express yourself and defend your ideas about Vietnam." —[[Carl Oglesby]], organizer at the 1965 University of Michigan teach-in and then-president of SDS, quoted in'' The War Within, ''Tom Wells<ref name="Wells"/>{{rp|24}}
</blockquote>

<blockquote>
"The 1965 teach-ins were significant, in fact, more because of their very organization than for their novelty or the extent of student protest. They legitimized dissent at the outset of the war. The vacuum of understanding which they exposed created a market for information. … Moreover, the 1965 teach-ins served to identify a coterie of academic experts who challenged national policy, helped to make connections among them, and established them as an alternative source of information and understanding." —''An American Ordeal: The Antiwar Movement of the Vietnam Era,'' Charles DeBenedetti<ref name="DeBenedetti"/>{{rp|109}}
</blockquote>

<blockquote>
"In raising anti-war consciousness in the nation as a whole, far beyond the academic community, the teach-ins were an historic turning point in the politics of the Vietnam War. ... This liberal bias of the teach-in movement, however, was one of the too-many-reasons-to-recount-here why the academic community lost its leadership role as fast as it had gained it. Part of the problem was that as soon as the teach-in movement politicized the counterculture, the latter began to counterculturalize the politics. Hence the tension between the political and the carnival in the student left as it moved from liberal protest to radical resistance and campus violence... Alienated by the left students’ tactics, the largely liberal anti-war public reverted to traditional modes of protest, although the marches and demonstrations were now massive in scale, varied in social composition and increasingly joined by establishment politicians." —Marshall Sahlins in ''Anthropology Today'', 2009<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Sahlins|first1=Marshall|title=The Teach-ins: Anti-war protest in the Old Stoned Age|journal=Anthropology Today|date=February 2009|volume=25|issue=1|pages=3–5|doi=10.1111/j.1467-8322.2009.00639.x}}</ref>
</blockquote>

Teach-ins were one activity of the [[New Left]]. Students, faculty, and other activists involved in the teach-ins would go on to organize other antiwar protests, including the 20,000-person rally at the Washington Monument in April 1965.<ref name="Wells"/>{{rp|25}} Teach-ins have continued through the decades since 1965 in response to other national crises, including climate change.