Editing Technological singularity (section)

==Emergence of superintelligence==
{{Further|Superintelligence}}
A superintelligence, hyperintelligence, or superhuman intelligence is a hypothetical [[intelligent agent|agent]] that possesses intelligence far surpassing that of the brightest and most gifted human minds.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Chalmers |first1=David J. |title=Science Fiction and Philosophy: From Time Travel to Superintelligence |date=2016 |publisher=Wiley |isbn=978-1-118-92261-3 |pages=171–224 |edition=2nd |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/9781118922590.ch16 |language=en |chapter=The Singularity: A Philosophical Analysis|doi=10.1002/9781118922590.ch16 }}</ref> "Superintelligence" may also refer to the form or degree of intelligence possessed by such an agent. [[John von Neumann]], [[Vernor Vinge]] and [[Ray Kurzweil]] define the concept in terms of the technological creation of super intelligence, arguing that it is difficult or impossible for present-day humans to predict what human beings' lives would be like in a post-singularity world.<ref name="vinge1993"/><ref name="kurzweil2005-135"/>

The related concept "speed superintelligence" describes an AI that can function like a human mind, only much faster.<ref>{{cite book |author=Sotala |first1=Kaj |title=The Technological Singularity |last2=Yampolskiy |first2=Roman |publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg |year=2017 |isbn=978-3-662-54031-2 |series=The Frontiers Collection |location=Berlin and Heidelberg, Germany |pages=11–23 |chapter=Risks of the Journey to the Singularity |doi=10.1007/978-3-662-54033-6_2}}</ref> For example, with a million-fold increase in the speed of information processing relative to that of humans, a subjective year would pass in 30 physical seconds.<ref name="singinst.org"/> Such a difference in information processing speed could drive the singularity.<ref name="chalmers2016">{{cite book |author=Chalmers |first=David J. |title=Science Fiction and Philosophy |publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Inc |year=2016 |isbn=9781118922590 |pages=171–224 |chapter=The Singularity |doi=10.1002/9781118922590.ch16}}</ref>

Technology forecasters and researchers disagree regarding when, or whether, human intelligence will likely be surpassed. Some argue that advances in [[artificial intelligence]] (AI) will probably result in general reasoning systems that bypass human cognitive limitations. Others believe that humans will evolve or directly modify their biology so as to achieve radically greater intelligence.<ref>{{Citation |last=Pearce |first=David |title=The Biointelligence Explosion |date=2012 |work=Singularity Hypotheses |pages=199–238 |editor-last=Eden |editor-first=Amnon H. |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-642-32560-1_11 |access-date=2022-01-16 |series=The Frontiers Collection |place=Berlin and Heidelberg, Germany |publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-32560-1_11 |isbn=978-3-642-32559-5 |editor2-last=Moor |editor2-first=James H. |editor3-last=Søraker |editor3-first=Johnny H. |editor4-last=Steinhart |editor4-first=Eric|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=The Age of Artificial Intelligence: An Exploration|year=2020|isbn=978-1-62273-872-4|editor-last=Gouveia|editor-first=Steven S.|chapter=ch. 4, "Humans and Intelligent Machines: Co-evolution, Fusion or Replacement?", David Pearce|publisher=Vernon Press |chapter-url=https://www.biointelligence-explosion.com/parable.html}}</ref> A number of [[futures studies]] focus on scenarios that combine these possibilities, suggesting that humans are likely to [[brain–computer interface|interface with computers]], or [[mind uploading|upload their minds to computers]], in a way that enables substantial intelligence amplification. The 2016 book ''[[The Age of Em]]'' by [[Robin Hanson]] describes a hypothetical future scenario in which human brains are scanned and digitized, creating "uploads" or digital versions of human consciousness. In this future, the development of these uploads may precede or coincide with the emergence of superintelligent artificial intelligence.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hanson |first=Robin |author-link=Robin Hanson |url=https://ageofem.com/ |title=The Age of Em |date=2016 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780198754626 |location=Oxford, England |page=528}}</ref>