Editing Technology acceptance model (section)

==Usage==
Several researchers have replicated Davis's original study{{sfn|Davis|1989}} to provide empirical evidence on the relationships that exist between usefulness, ease of use and system use.{{sfnm|1a1=Adams|1a2=Nelson|1a3=Todd|1y=1992|2a1=Davis|2y=1989|3a1=Hendrickson|3a2=Massey|3a3=Cronan|3y=1993|4a1=Segars|4a2=Grover|4y=1993|5a1=Subramanian|5y=1994|6a1=Szajna|6y=1994}} Much attention has focused on testing the robustness and validity of the questionnaire instrument used by Davis. Adams et al.{{sfn|Adams|Nelson|Todd|1992}} replicated the work of Davis{{sfn|Davis|1989}} to demonstrate the validity and reliability of his instrument and his measurement scales. They also extended it to different settings and, using two different samples, they demonstrated the internal consistency and replication reliability of the two scales. Hendrickson et al. found high reliability and good test-retest reliability.{{sfn|Hendrickson|Massey|Cronan|1993}} Szajna found that the instrument had predictive validity for intent to use, self-reported usage and attitude toward use.{{sfn|Szajna|1994}} The sum of this research has confirmed the validity of the Davis instrument, and to support its use with different populations of users and different software choices.

Segars and Grover{{sfn|Segars|Grover|1993}} re-examined Adams et al.'s{{sfn|Adams|Nelson|Todd|1992}})replication of the Davis work. They were critical of the measurement model used, and postulated a different model based on three constructs: usefulness, effectiveness, and ease-of-use. These findings do not yet seem to have been replicated. However, some aspects of these findings were tested and supported by Workman{{sfn|Workman|2007}} by separating the dependent variable into information use versus technology use.

Mark Keil and his colleagues have developed (or, perhaps rendered more popularisable) Davis's model into what they call the Usefulness/[[EOU Grid]], which is a 2×2 grid where each quadrant represents a different combination of the two attributes. In the context of software use, this provides a mechanism for discussing the current mix of usefulness and EOU for particular software packages, and for plotting a different course if a different mix is desired, such as the introduction of even more powerful software.{{sfn|Keil|Beranek|Konsynski|1995}}
The TAM model has been used in most technological and geographic contexts. One of these contexts is health care, which is growing rapidly<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Rahimi |first1=Bahlol |first2=Hamed |last2=Nadri |last3=Lotf nezhad afshar|first3 =Hadi|first4=Toomas|last4=Timpka|title=A Systematic Review of the Technology Acceptance Model in Health Informatics|journal=Applied Clinical Informatics |volume=09|issue=3|pages=604–634 |date=2018|doi=10.1055/s-0038-1668091 |pmid=30112741|pmc=6094026 }}</ref>

Saravanos et al. <ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Saravanos |first1=Antonios |last2=Zervoudakis |first2=Stavros |last3=Zheng |first3=Dongnanzi |date=September 2022 |title=Extending the Technology Acceptance Model 3 to Incorporate the Phenomenon of Warm-Glow |journal=Information |language=en |volume=13 |issue=9 |pages=429 |doi=10.3390/info13090429 |issn=2078-2489 |doi-access=free |arxiv=2204.12713 }}</ref> extended the TAM model to incorporate emotion and the effect that may play on the behavioral intention to accept a technology.  Specifically, they looked at warm-glow.

Venkatesh and Davis extended the original TAM model to explain perceived usefulness and usage intentions in terms of social influence (subjective norms, voluntariness, image) and cognitive instrumental processes (job relevance, output quality, result demonstrability, perceived ease of use). The extended model, referred to as TAM2, was tested in both voluntary and mandatory settings. The results strongly supported TAM2. {{sfn|Venkatesh|Davis|2000}}

* ''Subjective norm'' – An individual's perception that other individuals who are important to him/her/them consider if he/she/they could perform a behavior. This was consistent with the [[theory of reasoned action]] (TRA).
* ''Voluntariness'' – This was defined by Venkatesh & Davis as "extent to which potential adopters perceive the adoption decision to be non-mandatory".{{sfn|Venkatesh|Davis|2000}}
* ''Image'' – This was defined by Moore & Benbasat as "the degree to which use of an innovation perceived to enhance one's status in one's social system".{{sfn|Moore|Benbasat|1991}}<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Moore|first1=Gary C.|last2=Benbasat|first2=Izak|date=1991-09-01|title=Development of an Instrument to Measure the Perceptions of Adopting an Information Technology Innovation|journal=Information Systems Research|volume=2|issue=3|pages=192–222|doi=10.1287/isre.2.3.192|s2cid=24852325 |issn=1047-7047}}</ref>
* ''Job relevance'' – Venkatesh & Davis defined this as personal perspective on the extent to which the target system is suitable for the job.{{sfn|Venkatesh|Davis|2000}}
* ''Output quality'' – Venkatesh & Davis defined this as personal perception of the system's ability to perform specific tasks.{{sfn|Venkatesh|Davis|2000}}
* ''Result demonstrability'' – The production of tangible results will directly influence the system's usefulness.{{sfn|Moore|Benbasat|1991}}

In an attempt to integrate the main competing user acceptance models, Venkatesh et al. formulated the [[unified theory of acceptance and use of technology]] (UTAUT). This model was found to outperform each of the individual models (Adjusted R square of 69 percent).{{sfn|Venkatesh|Morris|Davis|Davis|2003}} UTAUT has been adopted by some recent studies in healthcare.<ref name=hf2010>{{Cite journal 
| last1 = Huser | first1 = V. 
| last2 = Narus | first2 = S. P. 
| last3 = Rocha | first3 = R. A. 
| doi = 10.1016/j.jbi.2009.06.001 
| title = Evaluation of a flowchart-based EHR query system: A case study of RetroGuide☆ 
| journal = Journal of Biomedical Informatics 
| volume = 43 
| issue = 1 
| pages = 41–50 
| year = 2010 
| pmid = 19560553 
| pmc =2840619 
}}</ref>

In addition, authors Jun et al. also think that the technology acceptance model is essential to analyze the factors affecting customers’ behavior towards online food delivery services. It is also a widely adopted theoretical model to demonstrate the acceptance of new technology fields. The foundation of TAM is a series of concepts that clarifies and predicts people’s behaviors with their beliefs, attitudes, and behavioral intention. In TAM, perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness, considered general beliefs, play a more vital role than salient beliefs in attitudes toward utilizing a particular technology.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Jun |first1=Kyungyul |last2=Yoon |first2=Borham |last3=Lee |first3=Seungsuk |last4=Lee |first4=Dong-Soo |date=January 2022 |title=Factors Influencing Customer Decisions to Use Online Food Delivery Service during the COVID-19 Pandemic |journal=Foods |language=en |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=64 |doi=10.3390/foods11010064 |issn=2304-8158 |pmc=8750313 |pmid=35010192|doi-access=free }}</ref>