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Terminator (genetics)
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===Rho-dependent terminators=== Rho-dependent transcription terminators require a large protein called a [[Rho factor]] which exhibits RNA [[helicase]] activity to disrupt the mRNA-DNA-RNA polymerase transcriptional complex. Rho-dependent terminators are found in [[bacteria]] and [[phage|phages]]. The Rho-dependent terminator occurs downstream of translational [[stop codon]]s and consists of an unstructured, cytosine-rich sequence on the mRNA known as a [[Rho utilisation site|Rho utilization site]] (''rut''),<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Di Salvo |first1=Marco |last2=Puccio |first2=Simone |last3=Peano |first3=Clelia |last4=Lacour |first4=Stephan |last5=Alifano |first5=Pietro |title=RhoTermPredict: an algorithm for predicting Rho-dependent transcription terminators based on Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis and Salmonella enterica databases |journal=BMC Bioinformatics |date=7 March 2019 |volume=20 |issue=1 |page=117 |doi=10.1186/s12859-019-2704-x |pmid=30845912 |pmc=6407284 |doi-access=free}}</ref> and a downstream transcription stop point (''tsp''). The ''rut'' serves as a mRNA loading site and as an activator for Rho; activation enables Rho to efficiently hydrolyze [[Adenosine triphosphate|ATP]] and translocate down the mRNA while it maintains contact with the rut site. Rho is able to catch up with the RNA polymerase because it is being stalled at the downstream ''tsp'' sites. Multiple different sequences can function as a tsp site.<ref name="Richardson1996">{{cite journal|last1=Richardson|first1=J. P.|title=Rho-dependent Termination of Transcription Is Governed Primarily by the Upstream Rho Utilization (rut) Sequences of a Terminator|journal=Journal of Biological Chemistry|volume=271|issue=35|year=1996|pages=21597β21603|issn=0021-9258|doi=10.1074/jbc.271.35.21597|pmid=8702947|doi-access=free}}</ref> Contact between Rho and the RNA polymerase complex stimulates dissociation of the transcriptional complex through a mechanism involving [[allosteric regulation|allosteric effects]] of Rho on RNA polymerase.<ref name="Ciampi-2006">{{Cite journal | last1 = Ciampi | first1 = MS. | title = Rho-dependent terminators and transcription termination | journal = Microbiology | volume = 152 | issue = Pt 9 | pages = 2515β28 |date=Sep 2006 | doi = 10.1099/mic.0.28982-0 | pmid = 16946247 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Epshtein|first=V|author2=Dutta, D |author3=Wade, J |author4= Nudler, E |title=An allosteric mechanism of Rho-dependent transcription termination.|journal=Nature|date=Jan 14, 2010|volume=463|issue=7278|pages=245β9|pmid=20075920|doi=10.1038/nature08669 |pmc=2929367|bibcode=2010Natur.463..245E}}</ref>
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