Editing Thutmose I (section)

==Reign==
===Dates and length of reign===
[[File:Statue of Thutmose I.jpg|thumb|upright|Pharonic statue recarved and reinscribed for Tuthmose I in the [[Museo Egizio]]]]
A [[heliacal rising]] of [[Sothis (star)|Sothis]] was recorded in the reign of Thutmose's predecessor, Amenhotep I, which has been dated to [[1517 BC]], assuming the observation was made at [[Thebes, Egypt|Thebes]].<ref name="Grimal 202">Grimal (1988) p.202</ref> The year of Amenhotep's death and Thutmose's subsequent coronation can be accordingly derived, and is dated to 1506 BC by most modern scholars. But if the observation were made at either [[Heliopolis (Ancient Egypt)|Heliopolis]] or [[Memphis, Egypt|Memphis]], as a minority of scholars argue, Thutmose would have been crowned in 1526 BC.<ref>Helk (1983) pp.47-9</ref> [[Manetho]] records that Thutmose I's reign lasted 12 years and 9 months (or 13 years) as a certain Mephres in his Epitome.<ref>{{cite web |title=Manetho's Kings |url=http://www.myegyptology.net/file/id21.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030128021540/http://www.myegyptology.net/file/id21.htm |archive-date=2003-01-28 |url-status=dead |access-date=2017-06-20 }}</ref> This data is supported by two dated inscriptions from Years 8 and 9 of his reign bearing his cartouche found inscribed on a stone block in Karnak.<ref>Jürgen von Beckerath (1997), p.120</ref> Accordingly, Thutmose is usually given a reign from 1506 BC to 1493 BC (low chronology), but a minority of scholars date it from 1526 BC to 1513 BC (high chronology).<ref name="Grimal 202"/>

===Military achievements===
Upon Thutmose's coronation, Nubia rebelled against Egyptian rule. According to the tomb autobiography of [[Ahmose, son of Ebana]], Thutmose traveled up the Nile and fought in the battle, personally killing the Nubian king.<ref name="Steindorff 34">Steindorff and Seele (1942) p.34</ref> Upon victory, he had the Nubian king's body hung from the prow of his ship, before he returned to [[Thebes, Egypt|Thebes]].<ref name="Steindorff 34"/> After that campaign, he led a second expedition against Nubia in his third year in the course of which he ordered the canal at the first cataract—which had been built under [[Sesostris III]] of the 12th Dynasty—to be [[dredge]]d in order to facilitate easier travel upstream from Egypt to Nubia. This helped integrate Nubia into the Egyptian empire.<ref name="Steindorff 36"/> This expedition is mentioned in two separate inscriptions by the king's son Thure:<ref>Lorna Oakes, Pyramids, Temples and Tombs of Ancient Egypt, Hermes House, 2003. p.207</ref>
{{Blockquote| Year 3, first month of the third season, day 22, under the majesty of the King of Upper and Lower Egypt, Aakheperre who is given life. His Majesty commanded to dig this canal after he found it stopped up with stones [so that] no [ship sailed upon it];
Year 3, first month of the third season, day 22. His Majesty sailed this canal in victory and in the power of his return from overthrowing the wretched [[Kingdom of Kush|Kush]].<ref>Oakes, op. cit., p.207</ref>}}

In the second year of Thutmose's reign, the king cut a [[stele]] at Tombos, which records that he built a fortress at Tombos, near the third cataract, thus permanently extending the Egyptian military presence, which had previously stopped at [[Buhen]], at the second cataract.<ref>Breasted (1906) p.28</ref>

==== Campaign in the Levant and Syria ====
Thutmose's Tombos stele indicates that he had already fought a campaign in Syria; hence, his Syrian campaign may be placed at the beginning of his second regnal year.<ref name="Steindorff 35">Steindorff and Seele (1942) p.35</ref> This second campaign was the farthest north any Egyptian ruler had ever campaigned. 

Although it has not been found in modern times, he apparently set up a stele when he crossed the [[Euphrates]] River.<ref name="Shaw 289">Shaw and Nicholson (1995) p.289</ref> During this campaign, the Syrian princes declared allegiance to Thutmose. But after he returned, they discontinued tribute and began fortifying against future incursions.<ref name="Steindorff 36"/> Thutmose celebrated his victories with an elephant hunt in the area of [[Niya (kingdom)|Niy]], near Apamea in Syria,<ref name="Gardiner 179"/> and returned to Egypt with strange tales of the Euphrates, "that inverted water which flows upstream when it ought to be flowing downstream."<ref name="Steindorff 36"/> The Euphrates was the first major river the Egyptians had ever encountered that flowed from the north, which was downstream on the [[River Nile|Nile]], to the south, upstream on the Nile. Thus the river became known in Egypt as simply "inverted water."<ref name="Steindorff 36"/>

Textual sources from the time of Thutmose I include references to [[Retenu]], [[Naharin]], and the 'land of [[Mitanni]]'. The last is believed to be the first historical reference to that kingdom.<ref name=Weinstein1981>{{cite journal |last1=Weinstein |first1=James M. |title=The Egyptian Empire in Palestine: A Reassessment |journal=Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research |date=1981 |issue=241 |pages=1–28 |doi=10.2307/1356708 |jstor=1356708 |s2cid=164015977 }}</ref>

Many Levantine sites were destroyed in the middle of the 16th century B.C., and these destructions have often been attributed to the military campaigns of Thutmose I, or of his predecessor [[Amenhotep I]]. Initially these campaigns may have aimed at defeating the power of the [[Hyksos]], who were formerly strong in this area.<ref name=Weinstein1981/>[[File:Account of a Campaign of Thutmose I MET LC-66 57 EGDP029618.jpg|thumb|Account of a Campaign of Thutmose I]]As many as 20 sites in the Levant suffered destruction at this time. For example, the fiery destruction of Stratum XVIII at [[Gezer]] has been assigned to the second half of the 16th century BCE, the time of Amenhotep I and Thutmose I, based on the pottery and scarabs discovered in the destruction debris.<ref name="Weinstein1981" />

It does not appear that the Egyptians' aim at this stage was to control the area permanently, because they established no permanent presence in the area. This happened later, during the 18th dynasty.<ref name="Weinstein1981" />

==== Rebellions in the south ====
Thutmose had to face one more military threat, another rebellion by Nubia in his fourth year.<ref name="Steindorff 35" /> His influence accordingly expanded even farther south, as an inscription dated to his reign has been found as far south as [[Kanisah Kurgus|Kurgus]], south of the fourth cataract.<ref name="Shaw 289" /> He inscribed a large tableau on the Hagar el-Merwa, a quartz outcrop {{circa}} 40m long and 50m wide 1200 meters from the Nile, on top of several local inscriptions.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Davies|first=Vivian|date=2017|title=Nubia in the New Kingdom: the Egyptians at Kurgus.|journal=Nubia in the New Kingdom. Lived Experience, Pharaonic Control and Indigenous Traditions|series=British Museum Publications on Egypt and Sudan|volume=3|pages=65–106}}</ref> This is the furthest south the Egyptian presence is attested.<ref name=":0" /> During his reign, he initiated a number of projects that effectively ended Nubian independence for 500 years. He enlarged a temple to Sesostris III and Khnum, opposite the Nile from [[Semna]].<ref>Erman (1894) p.503</ref> There are also records of specific religious rites the viceroy of El-Kab was to have performed in the temples in Nubia in proxy for the king.<ref>Breasted (1906) p.25</ref> He also appointed a man called Turi to the position of [[viceroy of Kush]], also known as the "King's Son of Cush."<ref>Breasted (1906) p.27</ref> With a civilian representative of the king permanently established in Nubia, Nubia did not dare revolt as often as it had and was easily controlled by future Egyptian kings.<ref name="Steindorff 35" />

===Building projects===
[[File:Obelisk of Thutmosis I in Karnak.jpg|thumb|upright|Court of the 4th pylon: obelisk of Thutmose I at Karnak]]
Thutmose I organized great building projects during his reign, including many [[Egyptian temple|temples]] and tombs, but his greatest projects were at the [[Temple of Karnak]] under the supervision of the architect [[Ineni]].<ref name="Breasted 41">Breasted (1906) p.41</ref> Before Thutmose, Karnak probably consisted only of a long road to a central platform, with a number of shrines for the solar bark along the side of the road.<ref name="Grimal 300">Grimal (1988) p.300</ref> Thutmose was the first king to drastically enlarge the temple. He had the fifth pylon built along the temple's main road, along with a wall around the inner sanctuary and two flagpoles to flank the gateway.<ref name="Grimal 300"/> Outside of this, he built a fourth pylon and another enclosure wall.<ref name="Grimal 300"/> Between pylons four and five, he had a [[hypostyle hall]] constructed, with columns made of [[Cedrus|cedar]] wood. This type of structure was common in ancient Egyptian temples, and supposedly represents a papyrus marsh, an Egyptian symbol of creation.<ref>Shaw (2003) p.168</ref> Along the edge of this room he built colossal statues, each one alternating wearing the crown of Upper Egypt and the crown of Lower Egypt.<ref name="Grimal 300"/> Finally, outside of the fourth pylon, he erected four more flagpoles<ref name="Grimal 300"/> and two obelisks, although one of them, which now has fallen, was not inscribed until [[Thutmose III]] inscribed it about 50 years later.<ref name="Breasted 41"/> The cedar columns in Thutmose I's hypostyle hall were replaced with stone columns by Thutmose III, but at least the northernmost two were replaced by Thutmose I himself.<ref name="Breasted 41"/> Hatshepsut also erected two of her own obelisks inside Thutmose I's hypostyle hall.<ref name="Grimal 300"/>
[[File:Stela of Tuthmosis I.jpg|thumb|left|Stela of Thutmose I in the Cairo Museum]]
In addition to Karnak, Thutmose I also built statues of the [[Ennead]] at [[Abydos, Egypt|Abydos]], buildings at Armant, Ombos, [[Al-Hibah|el-Hiba]], Memphis, and Edfu, as well as minor expansions to buildings in Nubia, at Semna, Buhen, [[Aniba (Nubia)|Aniba]], and Quban.{{citation needed|date=March 2019}}

Thutmose I was the first king who definitely was buried in the [[Valley of the Kings]].<ref name="Shaw 289"/> Ineni was commissioned to dig this tomb, and presumably to build his mortuary temple.<ref name="Gardiner 179"/> His mortuary temple has not been found, possibly because it was incorporated into or demolished by the construction of Hatshepsut's mortuary temple at [[Deir el-Bahri]].<ref>Gardiner (1964) p.170</ref> His tomb, however, has been identified as [[KV38]]. In it was found a yellow quartzite sarcophagus bearing the name of Thutmose I,<ref name="Gardiner 176"/> but Thutmose III may have moved his body into the tomb of Hatshepsut, [[KV20]], which also contains a sarcophagus with the name of Thutmose I on it.<ref name="Shaw 289"/>
[[File:Thutmose the First.jpg|thumb|Thutmose the First painted]]