Editing Tim Spicer (section)

==Private military company==
In 1994 he left the army and founded [[Sandline International]], a private military company.<ref>{{Cite web |last=McLoughlin |first=Sam |date=2024-10-10 |title=Lieutenant Colonel Tim Spicer OBE on his book about the man who inspired 007 |url=https://restless.co.uk/leisure-and-lifestyle/art-and-culture/lieutenant-colonel-tim-spicer-obe-on-his-book-about-the-man-who-inspired-007/ |access-date=2025-05-03 |website=Rest Less |language=en-GB}}</ref>

===Sandline affair===
{{Main|Sandline affair}}
The Sandline affair was a political scandal that became one of the defining moments in the [[history of Papua New Guinea]] (PNG), and particularly that of the conflict in [[Bougainville Province|Bougainville]]. It brought down the PNG government of [[Julius Chan|Sir Julius Chan]] and took [[Papua New Guinea]] to the verge of military revolt. After coming to power in 1994, Prime Minister Chan made repeated attempts to resolve the Bougainville conflict by diplomatic means. These were ultimately unsuccessful, due to the repeated failure of Bougainvillean leaders to arrive at scheduled peace talks.  

After a number of failed military assaults and the refusal of Australia and New Zealand to provide troops, a decision was then made to investigate the use of mercenaries. Through some overseas contacts, defence minister Mathias Ijape was put in contact with Spicer.{{Citation needed|date=July 2013}} He accepted a contract for $36&nbsp;million, but the deal fell through when the PNG Army found out that so much money was being spent on a job they claimed to be able to do.  The Army overthrew the PNG government and arrested Spicer.  He was eventually released and sued the PNG government for money not paid.<ref>"The Private war of Tumbledown Tim", ''London Sunday Times Magazine'', 2 July 2000.</ref>

===Sierra Leone Scandal: the arms-to-Africa affair===
When employed by Sandline International, Spicer was involved in military operations in the [[Sierra Leone Civil War]], which included importing weapons in apparent violation of the United Nations [[arms embargo]].<ref name="thenation">{{cite web|date=29 December 2004 |url=http://www.thenation.com/docprint.mhtml?i=20050110&s=ackerman |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050108080600/http://www.thenation.com/docprint.mhtml?i=20050110&s=ackerman |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 January 2005 |title=Tim Spicer's World |publisher=The Nation |accessdate=14 August 2007 |last=Ackerman |first=Andrew }}</ref> The contract was first offered to Globe Risk International who declined the contract on moral grounds. He had been contacted by [[Rakesh Saxena]], an [[India]]n financier hoping that a new government would grant him diamond and mineral concessions. The controversy over this incident, and whether the British [[Foreign and Commonwealth Office]] (FCO) knew of Sandline's actions; inquiries into it concluded that the FCO had known of the actions, and that Spicer believed he was not breaking the embargo. However, former British diplomat [[Craig Murray]] claims that he was present at a Foreign office meeting when Spicer was explicitly read the text of UN [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 1132|Security Council Resolution 1132]] which obliges member states to prevent their nationals from importing arms to Sierra Leone.<ref name="Craig_Murray">{{cite book|last=Murray|first=Craig|author-link=Craig Murray|title=The Catholic Orangemen of Togo and other Conflicts I Have Known|date=29 August 2023 |edition=12 January 2009|page=220|publisher=Atholl Publishing|isbn=978-0-9561299-0-1}}</ref>

Spicer maintains neither he nor Sandline did anything illegal: {{quote|Neither Sandline nor Tim Spicer did anything illegal and were, if anything, victims of a wider UK political controversy. Sandline was contracted to supply weapons and professional services to the legitimate elected government of Sierra Leone. This government had been deposed by a military junta in alliance with the Revolutionary United Front, a barbaric rebel movement. The British government knew of the action, which did not contravene international law or the UN Security Council’s arms embargo. The facts are borne out by a Government investigation, two inquiries and a UN Legal opinion.|Spicer's FAQ page<ref name="aegisworld"/>}}

Spicer has claimed that he always has called for greater involvement of the British government in the PMC issue. In fact, Lt. Col. Spicer said that six weeks before the arms-to-Africa affair blew up, Sandline had submitted a paper to the Foreign Office calling for greater regulation, but had not yet received a response. At the time, with no government response, Sandline was considering setting up its own oversight committee, including a senior retired general, a lawyer and a representative of the media.<ref name="Telegraph">{{cite web|date=22 November 1998 |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/htmlContent.jhtml?html=/archive/1998/11/22/narmy22.html |title=Inside Lt Col Spicer's new model army |work=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]] |accessdate=14 August 2007 |last=Andrew Gilligan |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070519032042/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/htmlContent.jhtml?html=%2Farchive%2F1998%2F11%2F22%2Fnarmy22.html |archivedate=19 May 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In late 1999, Spicer left Sandline, which kept operating until 2004. The next year, he launched Crisis and Risk Management. In 2001, he changed the company's name to Strategic Consulting International and also set up a partner firm specialising in anti-[[piracy]] consulting, called Trident Maritime. In 2002, Spicer established Aegis Defence Services, which around the beginning of the [[Iraq War]] was consulting for the [[Disney|Disney Cruise Line]].{{Citation needed|date=July 2013}}

===Aegis Defence Services===
Spicer was Chief Executive of [[Aegis Defence Services]], a PMC based in London, until replaced by [[Major General]] [[Graham Binns]] in 2010. The chairman of the Aegis board of directors is former [[Minister of State for the Armed Forces|Defence minister]], [[Nicholas Soames]] [[Member of Parliament|MP]].<ref>[http://www.aegisworld.com/index.php/new2/about-us-2/management2Aegis Defence Services website]{{dead link|date=September 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The Board of Directors include: General [[Roger Wheeler (British Army officer)|Sir Roger Wheeler]], [[Chief of the General Staff (United Kingdom)|Chief of the General Staff]]; [[Paul Boateng]], former Labour Minister and ex-High Commissioner to South Africa<ref>{{cite web|date=8 November 2009 |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/politics/article6908050.ece|archive-url=https://archive.today/20091201180439/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/politics/article6908050.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 December 2009|title=Lobbying row as ex-minister Paul Boateng lands defence firm job|work=The Times|location=UK|accessdate=17 May 2010|last=Oliver |first=Jonathan }}</ref> and [[John Birch (diplomat)|Sir John Birch]], former British deputy ambassador to the [[United Nations]].

In October 2004, Aegis won a $293&nbsp;million three-year contract in [[Iraq]] outsourcing, among other things, intelligence for the [[U.S. Army]].<ref>{{cite web|date=23 October 2005|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/article578141.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202013933/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/article578141.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 December 2008|title=Making a killing|publisher=pub|accessdate=14 August 2007|last=Jon Swain}}</ref><ref name="washingtonpost">{{cite news|date=1 July 2007 |url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/06/30/AR2007063001075_pf.html|title=In Iraq, a Private Realm of Intelligence-Gathering|newspaper=The Washington Post|accessdate =14 August 2007|last=Steve Fainaru and Alec Klein}}</ref>

{{quote|Spicer is effectively in charge of the [[Private military company#Iraq|second largest military force in Iraq]] – some 20,000 private soldiers. Just don't call him a [[mercenary]].|Stephen Armstrong [[The Guardian|''Guardian'' journalist]]<ref name="guardian">{{cite web|date=20 May 2006|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/story/0,,1779424,00.html|title=The enforcer|work=The Guardian|location=UK|accessdate=14 August 2007|last=Stephen Armstrong}}</ref>}}

===Criticism by US Senators===
In 2005, following the award of this contract, five [[United States Senator]]s – [[Charles Schumer]], [[Hillary Clinton]], [[Ted Kennedy]], [[Chris Dodd]] and [[John Kerry]] – wrote a joint letter<ref name="Irishnational">{{cite web|date=7 December 2004 |url=http://www.irishnationalcaucus.org/pages/Spicer/Pentagon%20now%20paying%20millions%20to%20Spicer.htm |title=Pentagon now paying millions to Spicer |publisher=Irish National Caucus |location=IR |accessdate=10 January 2012 |last=Ray O'Hanlon |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120630192249/http://www.irishnationalcaucus.org/pages/Spicer/Pentagon%20now%20paying%20millions%20to%20Spicer.htm |archivedate=30 June 2012}}</ref> calling on Secretary of Defence [[Donald Rumsfeld]] to investigate the granting of the Aegis contract, describing Spicer as "an individual with a history of supporting excessive use of force against a civilian population" and stating that he "vigorously defends [human rights abuses]".

In a December 2005 letter to his constituents, then-U.S. Senator [[Barack Obama]] (D-IL) called on the Department of Defense to withdraw its contract with Aegis. Obama wrote that "The CEO of Aegis Defense Services Tim Spicer has been implicated in a variety of human rights abuses around the globe ... given his history, I agree that the United States should consider rescinding its contract with his company."<ref name="Irishnational2">{{cite web|date=15 December 2005 |url=http://www.irishnationalcaucus.org/pages/Articles2008/IRISH%20URGE%20OBAMA%20TO%20KEEP%20PROMISE%20ON%20SPICER%20Rescind%20the%20$293%20million%20security%20contract.htm |title=Irish urge OBAMA to keep promises on Spicer |publisher=Irish National Caucus |location=IR |accessdate=10 January 2012 |last=Tom Griffin }}{{dead link|date=November 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}}</ref>