Editing Timeline of Jewish history (section)

== Second Temple period ==
{{Main|Timeline of Second Temple period Judaism}}
{{See also|Second Temple period|Yehud (Persian province)|Maccabean Revolt|Hasmonean dynasty|Herodian kingdom|Jewish-Roman Wars||}}
{{More citations needed|section|date=August 2020}}

{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Date
! History
! Image
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| 539 ||  || Jews were allowed to [[Return to Zion]], with [[Cyrus the Great|Cyrus II]] of the [[Achaemenid Empire|Achaemenid Empire's]] permission.
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| 520 ||  || The Prophecy of [[Zechariah (Hebrew prophet)|Zechariah]]
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| 520 ||  || [[Zerubbabel]] guides the initial group of Jews returning from captivity to Jerusalem
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| 516 ||  || The [[Second Temple |Second Temple in Jerusalem]] is consecrated, symbolizing the restoration of Jewish worship after the [[Babylonian captivity|Babylonian exile]]. ||
[[File:Jerusalem Modell BW 3.JPG|thumb|Model of the Second Temple]]
|-
| 475 ||  || As recounted in the Book of Esther. Often associated with [[Xerxes I|Xerxes I of Persia]], [[ Esther|Queen Esther]] disclosed her identity to the king and began to advocate for her people, identifying Haman as the conspirator scheming to annihilate them.
|-
| 460 ||  || Ezra's Mission, recounted in the Book of Ezra. With anarchy brewing in Judea, Xerxes' successor Persian [[Artaxerxes I|King Artaxerxes]] sent [[Ezra]] to restore order.
|-
| 332 ||  || [[Alexander the Great]] the King of [[Macedonia (ancient kingdom)|Macedonia]], one of the largest empires of the ancient world, stretching from Macedonia to Egypt and Greece to northwestern India conquers [[Phoenicia]] and the [[Levant]] || 
[[File:Alexander the Great-Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek.jpg|thumb|Sculpture of Alexander the Great]]
|-
| 332? ||  || Alexander visited Judea to meet High Priest Jaddus, who showed him the prophecy of Alexander's life and conquests from the [[Book of Daniel]]. This account is regarded as apocryphal and likely created in the early Hasmonean period<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Shay Cohen |first1=J. D. |year=1982 |title=Alexander the Great and Jaddus the High Priest According to Josephus |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1486406 |journal=AJS Review |volume=7/8 |pages=41–68 |jstor=1486406 |access-date=October 17, 2021 |quote="The historical Alexander did not visit Jerusalem, did not do obeisance to the high priest, and did not sacrifice to the God of Israel.  He was too busy conquering the world to bother with an insignificant inland people living around a small temple." }}</ref>
|-
| 150-100 ||  || At some point during this period, the [[Hebrew Bible|Tanakh (Hebrew Bible)]] was finalized and canonized. Jewish religious texts written after Ezra's time were not included in the canon, though they gained popularity among various Jewish groups. Later works incorporated into the Greek translation of the Bible (the Septuagint) came to be known as the deuterocanonical books. || 
[[File:Entire Tanakh scroll set.png|thumb|Set of scrolls comprising the entire Tanakh]]
|-
| 140-63 ||  || The [[Hasmonean dynasty]] rules [[Judea]]. The Hasmonean kingdom expands outward to Idumea, Samaria, Perea, Galilee, and Gilead due to weakness and dissolution within the [[Seleucid Empire]].
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| 63 ||  || [[Pompey]] laid siege to and entered the Temple, and Judea became a client kingdom of the [[Roman Republic]].
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| 40 ||  || [[Herod the Great]] was appointed King of the Jews by the [[Roman Senate]], replacing the [[Hasmonean dynasty]] with the [[Herodian dynasty]].
|-
| [[Date of the birth of Jesus|6-4]] ||  || [[Jesus|Jesus of Nazareth]] was born in [[Bethlehem]], [[Herodian kingdom|Herodian Kingdom]]. || 
[[File:Nürnberg St. Lorenz Dreikönigsaltar Geburt 01.jpg|thumb|Birth of Jesus by Hans Pleydenwurff]]
|}

===1st century CE===

{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Date
! History
! Image
|-
| 6 ||  || Province of [[Judaea (Roman province)|Roman Judea]] created by merging [[Judea]] proper, [[Samaria]] and [[Edom|Idumea]].
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| 6 ||  || [[Hillel the Elder]], considered the greatest Torah sage, dies, leading to the dominance of Shammai till 30 CE, see also [[Hillel and Shammai]].
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| 26-36 ||  || [[Sanhedrin trial of Jesus]] took place before [[Pontius Pilate]], the Governor of the Roman province of Judaea's  [[Pilate's court|Roman trial of Jesus]]. Following this Roman trial,  [[Crucifixion of Jesus|Jesus was crucified]], marking a pivotal moment in history. This event laid the foundation for [[Christianity]], as the [[Apostle|Apostles]] began to spread the Gospel message to various communities including the Jewish ones. || 
[[File:Crucifiction Carracci-Bloemaert.jpg|thumb|Crucifixion of Christ as depicted by [[Giotto]]]]
|-
| 30 ||  || [[Helena of Adiabene]], a [[vassal]] of the [[Parthian Empire|Parthian empire]] in [[Mesopotamia]], converts to Judaism. Significant numbers of [[Adiabene]] population follow her, later also providing limited support for Jews during [[Jewish-Roman wars]]. In the following centuries the community mostly converts to [[Christianity]].
|-
| 30-70 ||  || [[Schisms among the Jews#Second Temple period|Schism within Judaism during the Second Temple period]]. A sect within [[Hellenistic Judaism|Hellenised Jewish]] society starts [[Jewish Christianity]], see also [[Rejection of Jesus]].
|-
| 66-135 ||  || Start of the [[Jewish–Roman wars]] which resulted in a Roman victory, and the destruction of Jerusalem and the Temple, During the siege, approximately 1,100,000 people were killed, and 97,000 were captured and enslaved.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tmCWlYQDrOoC|title=The Jewish Revolt Against Rome: Interdisciplinary Perspectives|last=Popovic|first=Mladen|year=2011|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-9004216686|language=en}}</ref> This conflict also contributed to the separation of Christianity from Judaism, following this defeat, [[Judaea (Roman province)|Roman Judea]] remained under Roman control, renamed and merged into the province of [[Syria Palaestina]]. The [[Sanhedrin]] was relocated to [[Yavne]] by [[Yohanan ben Zakkai|Yochanan ben Zakai]], see also [[Council of Jamnia]]. [[Fiscus Judaicus]] levied on all [[History of the Jews in the Roman Empire|Jews of the Roman Empire]] whether they aided the revolt or not. (War ended 135 CE) || 
[[File:David Roberts - The Siege and Destruction of Jerusalem by the Romans Under the Command of Titus, A.D. 70.jpg|thumb|[[Siege of Jerusalem (70 CE)|Siege and Destruction of Jerusalem by the Romans]] (1850 painting by David Roberts)]]
[[File:Arc de Triumph copy.jpg|thumb|Depiction of the [[Roman triumph]] celebrating the [[Siege of Jerusalem (70 CE)|Sack of Jerusalem]] on the [[Arch of Titus]] in Rome.]] 
|-
| 70-200 ||  || Period of the ''[[Tannaim]]'', rabbis who [[Mishna|organized]] and [[Talmudical Hermeneutics|elucidated]] the [[Oral Torah]]. The decisions of the ''Tannaim'' are contained in the [[Mishnah]], [[Beraita]], [[Tosefta]], and various [[Midrash]] compilations.<ref>[http://shamash.org/lists/scj-faq/HTML/faq/03-index.html Torah] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130306015305/http://www.shamash.org/lists/scj-faq/HTML/faq/03-index.html |date=2013-03-06 }} (Shamash.org)</ref>
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| 73 ||  || Final events of the [[First Jewish–Roman War]] – the fall of [[Masada]]. [[Early Christianity|Christianity]] starts off as a Jewish sect and then develops its own texts and ideology and branches off from [[Judaism]] to become a distinct [[religion]].
|}