Editing Timeline of classical mechanics (section)

== Early mechanics ==
* 6th century – [[John Philoponus]] introduces the concept of [[Theory of impetus|impetus]]<ref>{{cite book|first=Richard |last=Sorabji |chapter=John Philoponus |title=Philoponus and the Rejection of Aristotelian Science |jstor=44216227 |year=2010 |edition=2nd |publisher=Institute of Classical Studies, University of London |isbn=978-1-905-67018-5 |oclc=878730683|page=47}}</ref> and the theory was modified by [[Avicenna]] in the 11th century and [[Ibn Malka al-Baghdadi]] in the 12th century
* 6th century – [[John Philoponus]] says that by observation, two balls of very different weights will fall at nearly the same speed. He therefore tests the [[equivalence principle]]
* 1021 – [[Al-Biruni]] uses three [[orthogonal]] coordinates to describe point in space<ref name="MacTutor">{{MacTutor|id=Al-Biruni|title=Al-Biruni}}: {{blockquote|"One of the most important of al-Biruni's many texts is ''Shadows'' which he is thought to have written around 1021. [...] ''Shadows'' is an extremely important source for our knowledge of the history of mathematics, astronomy, and physics. It also contains important ideas such as the idea that acceleration is connected with non-uniform motion, using three rectangular coordinates to define a point in 3-space, and ideas that some see as anticipating the introduction of polar coordinates."}}</ref>
* 1100–1138 – [[Ibn Bajjah|Avempace]] develops the concept of a fatigue, which according to Shlomo Pines is precursor to Leibnizian idea of force<ref>[[Shlomo Pines]] (1964), "La dynamique d’Ibn Bajja", in ''Mélanges Alexandre Koyré'', I, 442–468 [462, 468], Paris.
<br>(cf. Abel B. Franco (October 2003). "Avempace, Projectile Motion, and Impetus Theory", ''Journal of the History of Ideas'' '''64''' (4), p. 521-546 [543]: "''Pines has also seen Avempace's idea of fatigue as a precursor to the Leibnizian idea of force which, according to him, underlies Newton's third law of motion and the concept of the "reaction" of forces.''")</ref>
* 1100–1165 – [[Hibat Allah Abu'l-Barakat al-Baghdaadi]] discovers that [[force]] is proportional to acceleration rather than speed, a fundamental law in classical mechanics<ref>{{cite encyclopedia  | last = Pines  | first = Shlomo  | title = Abu'l-Barakāt al-Baghdādī, Hibat Allah  | encyclopedia = [[Dictionary of Scientific Biography]]  | volume = 1  | pages = 26–28   | publisher = Charles Scribner's Sons  | location = New York  | year = 1970  | isbn = 0-684-10114-9}}:
<br>(cf. Abel B. Franco (October 2003). "Avempace, Projectile Motion, and Impetus Theory", ''Journal of the History of Ideas'' '''64''' (4), p. 521-546 [528]: '' Hibat Allah Abu'l-Barakat al-Bagdadi (c.1080- after 1164/65) extrapolated the theory for the case of falling bodies in an original way in his Kitab al-Mu'tabar (The Book of that Which is Established through Personal Reflection). [...] This idea is, according to Pines, "the oldest negation of Aristotle's fundamental dynamic law [namely, that a constant force produces a uniform motion]," and is thus an "anticipation in a vague fashion of the fundamental law of classical mechanics [namely, that a force applied continuously produces acceleration]."'')</ref>

* 1340–1358 – [[Jean Buridan]] develops the [[theory of impetus]]
* 14th century – [[Oxford Calculators]] and French collaborators prove the [[mean speed theorem]]
* 14th century – [[Nicole Oresme]] derives the times-squared law for uniformly accelerated change.<ref>Clagett (1968, p. 561), Nicole Oresme and the Medieval Geometry of Qualities and Motions; a treatise on the uniformity and difformity of intensities known as Tractatus de configurationibus qualitatum et motuum. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press. {{ISBN|0-299-04880-2}}.</ref> Oresme, however, regarded this discovery as a purely intellectual exercise having no relevance to the description of any natural phenomena, and consequently failed to recognise any connection with the motion of accelerating bodies<ref>Grant, 1996, [https://books.google.com/books?id=YyvmEyX6rZgC&pg=PA103 p.103].</ref>
* 1500–1528 – [[Al-Birjandi]] develops the theory of "circular [[inertia]]" to explain [[Earth's rotation]]<ref name="Ragep">F. Jamil Ragep (2001), "Tusi and Copernicus: The Earth's Motion in Context", ''Science in Context'' '''14''' (1–2), p. 145–163. [[Cambridge University Press]].</ref>
* 16th century – [[Francesco Beato]] and [[Luca Ghini]] experimentally contradict Aristotelian view on free fall.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.scientus.org/timeline/classical-mechanics.html|title=Timeline of Classical Mechanics and Free Fall|website=www.scientus.org|access-date=2019-01-26}}</ref>
* 16th century – [[Domingo de Soto]] suggests that bodies falling through a homogeneous medium are uniformly accelerated.<ref>Sharratt, Michael (1994). Galileo: Decisive Innovator. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|0-521-56671-1}}, p. 198</ref><ref>Wallace, William A. (2004). Domingo de Soto and the Early Galileo. Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing. {{ISBN|0-86078-964-0}} (pp. II 384, II 400, III 272)</ref> Soto, however, did not anticipate many of the qualifications and refinements contained in Galileo's theory of falling bodies. He did not, for instance, recognise, as Galileo did, that a body would fall with a strictly uniform acceleration only in a vacuum, and that it would otherwise eventually reach a uniform terminal velocity
* 1581 – [[Galileo Galilei]] notices the timekeeping property of the [[pendulum]]
* 1589 – Galileo Galilei uses balls rolling on inclined planes to show that different weights fall with the same acceleration
* 1638 – Galileo Galilei publishes ''[[Dialogues Concerning Two New Sciences]]'' (which were [[materials science]] and [[kinematics]]) where he develops, amongst other things, [[Galilean transformation]]
* 1644 – [[René Descartes]] suggests an early form of the law of [[conservation of momentum]]
* 1645 – [[Ismaël Bullialdus]] argues that "gravity" weakens as the inverse square of the distance<ref>Ismail Bullialdus, ''Astronomia Philolaica'' … (Paris, France: Piget, 1645), [http://diglib.hab.de/drucke/2-1-4-astron-2f-1/start.htm?image=00005 page 23.]</ref>
* 1651 – [[Giovanni Battista Riccioli]] and [[Francesco Maria Grimaldi]] discover the [[Coriolis effect]]
* 1658 – [[Christiaan Huygens]] experimentally discovers that balls placed anywhere inside an inverted [[cycloid]] reach the lowest point of the 	cycloid in the same time and thereby experimentally shows that the cycloid is the [[tautochrone]]
* 1668 – [[John Wallis]] suggests the law of conservation of momentum
* 1673 – [[Christiaan Huygens]] publishes his ''[[Horologium Oscillatorium]]''. Huygens describes in this work the first two [[Newton's laws of motion|laws of motion]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Rob Iliffe & George E. Smith |title= The Cambridge Companion to Newton|date=2016 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn= 9781107015463 |page=75}}</ref> The book is also the first modern treatise in which a physical problem (the accelerated motion of a falling body) is idealized by a set of parameters and then analyzed mathematically.
* 1676–1689 – [[Gottfried Leibniz]] develops the concept of [[vis viva]], a limited theory of [[conservation of energy]]
* 1677 – [[Baruch Spinoza]] puts forward a primitive notion of [[Newton's first law]]