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Tiple
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===Colombian tiple=== {{Main|Colombian tiple}} The '''Colombian tiple''' (in Spanish: [[:es:tiple|''tiple'']]) is an instrument of the guitar family, similar in appearance although slightly smaller (about 18%) than a standard [[classical guitar]]. The typical fretboard [[Scale (string instruments)|scale]] is about 530 mm (just under 21 inches), and the neck joins the body at the 12th fret. There are 12 strings, grouped in four tripled [[course (music)|course]]s. Traditional tuning from lowest to highest course is C F A D, although many modern players tune the instrument like the upper four strings of the modern guitar: D G B E. The outer two strings of each of the three lowest triple courses are tuned an octave higher than the middle string in the course (giving C4 C3 C4 β’ E4 E3 E4 β’ A4 A3 A4 β’ D4 D4 D4 in traditional tuning, or D4 D3 D4 β’ G4 G3 G4 β’ B4 B3 B4 β’ E4 E4 E4 in modern tuning). An 18 or 19 fret fingerboard give the tiple Colombiano a range of about 2-2/3 octaves, from C3 - G#5 (or A5). The tiple is used for many traditional Colombian music genres including bambucos and pasillos. It serves both as an accompanying instrument and for soloing.<ref>Zuluanga, David Puerta; ''Los Caminos del Tiple'' [The Evolution of the Tiple]; DamelPublishers; Bogota, Colombia: 1988. 208pp.</ref> One of the main composers of tiple music is Pacho Benavides. David Pelham says of the Colombian tiple: "The tiple is a Colombian adaptation of the [[Renaissance]] Spanish [[vihuela]] brought to the New World in the 16th century by the Spanish conquistadors. At the end of the 19th century, it evolved to its present shape. Its twelve strings are arranged in four groups of three: the first group consists of three steel strings tuned to E, the second, third and fourth groups have a copper string in the middle of two steel strings. The central ones are tuned one octave lower than the surrounding strings of the group. This arrangement produces the set of harmonics that gives the instrument its unique voice.<ref>Morales, Abadia; ''Instrumentos Musicales del Folklore Colombiano'' [Musical Instruments of Colombian Folklore]; Banco Popular; Bogota, Colombia: 1991.</ref> Outside of Colombia the "copper" strings are more often standard brass or bronze wound steel guitar strings. Another variant, the tiple Colombiano requinto, is often simply called tiple requinto. This instrument is about 10-15% smaller than the tiple Colombiano, and the central octave strings of the smaller instrument are tuned in unison, giving either a C4 C4 C4 β’ E4 E4 E4 β’ A4 A4 A4 β’ D4 D4 D4 tuning (traditional), or a D4 D4 D4 β’ G4 G4 G4 β’ B4 B4 B4 β’ E4 E4 E4 tuning (modern). The tiple requinto is sometimes made in more of a violin or "hourglass" shape, than a guitar shape. These differences give it a generally thinner, higher-pitched sound than the tiple Colombiano, even though most of its tuning is in the same range as the larger instrument.<ref>Davison, Harry C.; ''Diccionario Folklorico de Colombia: Musica, Instrumentos y Danza'' [Dictionary of Folklore in Colombia: Music, Instruments, and Dance]; Banco de Republica; Bogoto, Colombia: 1970.</ref>
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