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Topiary
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===Origin=== [[File:Pt-ctb-jardimpaco.jpg|thumb|[[Castelo Branco, Portugal|Castelo Branco]] Portugal]] European topiary dates from [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] times. Pliny's ''[[Natural History (Pliny)|Natural History]]'' and the epigram writer [[Martial]] both credit [[Gaius Matius|Gaius Matius Calvinus]], in the circle of [[Julius Caesar]], with introducing the first topiary to [[Roman gardens]], and [[Pliny the Younger]] describes in a letter the elaborate figures of animals, inscriptions, cyphers and [[obelisk]]s in clipped greens at his Tuscan villa (Epistle v.6, to Apollinaris). Within the [[Atrium (architecture)|atrium]] of a Roman house or [[Roman villa|villa]], a place that had formerly been quite plain, the art of the ''topiarius'' produced a miniature landscape (''topos'') which might employ the art of stunting trees, also mentioned, disapprovingly, by Pliny (''Historia Naturalis'' xii.6).
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