Editing Tor missile system (section)

== Characteristics ==
=== Description ===

[[File:sa-15a.jpg|thumb|right|A 9K332 TLAR with tracking radar covered.]]
The closest foreign equivalent to the Tor, in function and operation, are systems like the British [[Rapier missile]] and French [[Crotale missile]] systems, which some consider to have somewhat less performance<ref>{{cite web |url=http://rbase.new-factoria.ru/sites/default/files/missile/torm/srav.jpg |title=Количество целей | language=ru | trans-title=Number of targets |access-date=2014-11-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141106165518/http://rbase.new-factoria.ru/sites/default/files/missile/torm/srav.jpg |archive-date=2014-11-06 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://vpk.name/news/12808_bubliki_vmesto_zontika_rossiiskaya_oboronka_prodolzhaet_vyipuskat_unikalnoe_oruzhie.html|title="Бублики" вместо зонтика. Российская оборонка продолжает выпускать уникальное оружие|website=vpk.name|date=9 January 2008 |access-date=30 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170920142756/https://vpk.name/news/12808_bubliki_vmesto_zontika_rossiiskaya_oboronka_prodolzhaet_vyipuskat_unikalnoe_oruzhie.html|archive-date=20 September 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="rbase.new-factoria.ru">{{cite web|url=http://rbase.new-factoria.ru/missile/wobb/torm/torm.shtml|title=Зенитный ракетный комплекс 9К331 Тор-M1|access-date=14 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141106165817/http://rbase.new-factoria.ru/missile/wobb/torm/torm.shtml|archive-date=6 November 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> than Tor (the other two systems being based on older equipment). All three systems are mobile and self-propelled, Tor using the 9A330 combat vehicle, which carries a crew of four (one driver, three operators), and acts as an autonomous Transporter, Launcher, And Radar unit, or TLAR (similar to but not a [[TELAR]], as it does not erect the missile to a launch position). The 9A330 is based on the [[GM chassis|GM-355 chassis]] manufactured by [[Metrovagonmash|MMZ]], the Tor-M1 using the improved GM-5955.<ref name="Metrowagonmash">{{cite web |url=http://www.metrowagonmash.ru/english/gm5955.htm |title=GM-5955 Specifications |access-date=2008-08-10 |website=METROWAGONMASH |date=2006-08-11 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070523020525/http://www.metrowagonmash.ru/english/gm5955.htm |archive-date=2007-05-23 }}</ref> It is equipped with [[NBC (weapon)|NBC]] (nuclear, biological and chemical) protection. Like Rapier and Crotale, in addition to the tracked vehicle, there are also static and towed versions of the Tor, as well as a wheeled one. Mobility time is 3 minutes and it can be transported by any transport means (including aerial). The reaction time of the original Tor is 7–8 (standard) / 7–10 (if it is in motion) seconds.<ref name="aftershock.su"/>

=== TLAR features ===
Arranged in a similar fashion to the previous [[9K33 Osa]] ({{langx|ru|«Оса»}}) and [[9K22 Tunguska]] ({{langx|ru|«Тунгуска»}}) air defense systems, Tor's TLAR features a turret with a top mounted target acquisition [[radar]], and frontal tracking radar, with 8 ready to fire missiles stored vertically between the two radars. The target acquisition radar is an [[F band (NATO)|F band]] [[pulse doppler]] [[3D radar]], equipped with a truncated [[parabolic antenna]], and a mechanically, later electronically, scanned in [[azimuth]] with a 32 degree sector view,<ref name="RMC">{{Cite book |doi=10.1109/AERO.1996.499403 |first1=M.W. |last1=Ganz |first2=J.K. |last2=Smith |chapter=Russian microwave capabilities: A firsthand report |title=1996 IEEE Aerospace Applications Conference. Proceedings |volume=4 |pages=67–76 |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-7803-3196-9 |s2cid=123199495 }}</ref> and has an average power output of 1.5&nbsp;kW, which provides a maximum detection range of {{convert|25|km}}. For reference, a McDonnell Douglas [[F-15 Eagle|F-15]] at an altitude of 6&nbsp;km has a detection probability of 0.8 at this range.<ref name="PVO"/> The electronic 'heart' of the system is a digital fire control system, which allows detection of up to 48 targets and the tracking of ten at any one time, and integrates [[Identification friend or foe|IFF]] functionality; the IFF antenna being mounted above the search radar.{{Citation needed|date=March 2022}}

=== Radar ===
The target engagement radar is a [[G band (NATO)|G band]]/[[H band (NATO)|H band]] (later [[K band (NATO)|K band]]) pulse doppler radar with an (in [[azimuth]]) [[passive electronically scanned array]] antenna. The radar is classed as a thinned array (design using fewer elements) incorporating only 570 phase shifters and uses linear [[Polarization (waves)|polarization]].<ref name="RMC"/> The radar has an average power output of 0.6&nbsp;kW providing a maximum detection range of 20&nbsp;km/12&nbsp;mi. An F-15 type aircraft had a detection probability of 0.8 at this range.<ref name="PVO"/> Originally Tor could only engage one target at a time, and with only two of its missiles. Later variants of the Tor system (Tor-M1 and M2E) incorporate additional fire control channels, as well as improved fire control computers, allowing the system to engage two (M1) and then four (M2E) targets, while simultaneously guiding up to four (M1) and then eight (M2E) missiles. There is also a small antenna on the top of the target engagement radar to communicate with missiles after launch.{{Citation needed|date=March 2022}} Together these radars carry the NATO reporting name '''"Scrum Half"'''.<ref name="Tor actu red samovar">{{cite web |title=[Actu] Le système anti-aérien Tor : actualités et développements futurs |url=https://redsamovar.com/2019/04/14/actu-le-systeme-anti-aerien-tor-actualites-et-developpements-futurs/ |website=Red Samovar |date=14 April 2019}}</ref> To reduce the dimensions of the vehicle, the target acquisition radar can be folded down horizontally when travelling, and the tracking radar can partially rotate away from vertical.{{Citation needed|date=March 2022}} To allow engagements in an [[Electronic countermeasures|ECM]]-heavy environment, the Tor missile system is equipped with an optical tracking system, complementing the main radar.<ref name="Tor actu red samovar"/>

=== Mobility ===
As a fully mobile system, the Tor is capable of acquiring and tracking targets while the TLAR is moving. Due to the interference with launch operations while in motion, missiles can be fired only when the system is stationary. Once set up, the reaction time (from target detection to engagement) is described as 5–8 seconds, depending on the variant; however, reaction time is somewhat longer (around 10 seconds) while in motion and firing in short halts. To facilitate this mode of operation, an [[auxiliary power unit]] (APU) is fitted so that the main engine can be shut down while the radar and missile system continue to operate when stationary, enabling long periods of readiness. The digital computers allowed for a higher degree of automation than any previous Soviet system of its type. Target threat classification is automatic and the system can be operated with little operator input, if desired.{{Citation needed|date=March 2022}}

===Typical deployment===
Typically, a battery of four Tor vehicles is accompanied by the mobile [[Ranzhir-M]] ({{langx|ru|"Ранжир-М"}}) command center, which provides automatic interaction with the Tor, 9K33 Osa, [[9K31 Strela-1]], [[2K22 Tunguska]]. It allows for efficient allocation of tasks between the individual Tor-M1 crews and allows each TLAR to be linked into a wider air defense system, thereby increasing target detection range and reducing reaction time.

Tor vehicles are accompanied by the mobile [[Polyana-D4]], which provides automatic interaction with the Tor, Buk, 2K22 Tunguska, S-300V (integrates all functions of several different systems into a single whole + various air force aircraft + direct transfer of target designation).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pvo.guns.ru/asu/polyana_d4.htm|title=952 "-4"|access-date=14 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130715152005/http://pvo.guns.ru/asu/polyana_d4.htm|archive-date=15 July 2013|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://cdxnew.narod.ru/worldnews/news25.html|title="Поляна-Д4М1" (9С52М1), мобильная автоматизированная система управления зенитной ракетной бригадой (смешанной группировкой средств ПВО)|access-date=14 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141106214056/http://cdxnew.narod.ru/worldnews/news25.html|archive-date=6 November 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>

Tor-M1 receiving commands from Ranzhir-M / Polyana-D4 can shoot down targets in the range of 0–84 degrees.<ref name="aftershock.su"/> Tor-M1 system (the time of creating the version, 1991<ref name="rbase.new-factoria.ru"/>) can operate in a pair, then the angle of observation was 0–64 degrees (vertical).<ref name="aftershock.su"/>

Combat vehicle of Tor missile system provides simultaneous detection of up to 48 targets.<ref name="dokwar.ru"/>