Editing Torc (section)

==Bronze Age Europe and Asia==
There are several types of rigid gold and sometimes bronze necklaces and collars of the later [[European Bronze Age]], from around 1200&nbsp;BC, many of which are classed as "torcs". They are mostly twisted in various conformations, including the "twisted ribbon" type, where a thin strip of gold is twisted into a spiral.  Other examples twist a bar with a square or X section, or just use round wire, with both types in the three 12th– or 11th-century&nbsp;BC specimens found at Tiers Cross, Pembrokeshire, Wales.<ref>[http://www.artfund.org/artwork/2837/three-bronze-age-torcs Art Saved: Three Bronze Age Torcs], on the Art Fund Website</ref>  The [[Milton Keynes Hoard]] contained two large examples of thicker rounded forms, as also used for bracelets.<ref name="tar2000">{{cite web|url=http://www.ncmd.co.uk/docs/treasurereport2000.pdf|title=Treasure Annual Report 2000|publisher=[[Department for Culture, Media and Sport]]|pages=13–15; 133|year=2001|access-date=2010-07-26|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120301112414/http://www.ncmd.co.uk/docs/treasurereport2000.pdf|archive-date=2012-03-01}}</ref> 
[[File:Lambourne Hoard.jpg|thumb|Two uncleaned Bronze Age twisted bar torcs with flared cylinder terminals, as often found folded up, with bracelets, England]]
[[File:Arm less man edit 3 (cropped).jpg|thumb|The "[[Shami statue]]", depicting a [[Parthian Empire|Parthian]] nobleman, shows him wearing a torc.]]
The terminals are not emphasized as in typical Iron Age torcs, though many can be closed by hooking the simple terminals together.  Many of these "torcs" are too small to be worn round the neck of an adult, and were either worn as bracelets or armlets, or by children or statues.  Archaeologists find dating many torcs difficult, with some believing torcs were retained for periods of centuries as heirlooms, and others believing there were two periods of production.  Differing ratios of silver in the gold of other objects—typically up to 15% in the Bronze Age but up to 20% in the Iron Age—can help decide the question.<ref>Cahill, 120−121</ref>  There are several flared gold torcs with a C-shaped section in the huge [[Mooghaun North Hoard]] of Late Bronze Age gold from 800 to 700&nbsp;BC found in [[County Clare]] in Ireland.<ref>Wallace, 99; Treasures, no. 8. Nos. 4 and 6 are Bronze Age gold spiral ribbon torcs, and No. 10 is an elaborate flat collar. Taylor has full coverage of British gold Bronze Age material.</ref>

In parts of Asia, torcs appear in [[Scythian art]] from the [[Early Iron Age]], and include "classicizing" decoration drawing on styles from the east.  Torcs are also found in [[Thraco-Cimmerian]] art.  Torcs are found in the [[Tovsta Mohyla|Tolstaya burial]] and the Karagodeuashk kurgan ([[Kuban]] area), both dating to the 4th century&nbsp;BC. A torc is part of the [[Pereshchepina]] hoard dating to the 7th century AD.  Thin torcs, often with animal head terminals, are found in the art of the Persian [[Achaemenid Empire]], with some other elements derived from Scythian art.{{Citation needed|date=January 2025}}