Editing Traffic stop (section)

=== Before probable cause ===
Traffic stops may be executed upon [[Reasonable suspicion|reasonable articulable suspicion]] that a crime has occurred, for example, an observation of a possible equipment violation or a suspicion of [[Driving under the influence|driving under the influence (DUI)]] based on driving behavior.  In some jurisdictions, [[Random checkpoint|general roadblock checkpoints]] are applied for random checks of driver.  A primary purpose of the traffic stop at this point is frequently to determine if the police have [[probable cause|probable cause for arrest]].  At this stage, the police are not required to issue a [[Miranda warning|''Miranda'' warning]], because a traffic stop prior to formal [[arrest]] is not considered to be [[Miranda warning#Circumstances triggering the Miranda requisites|custodial under ''Miranda'']], and will often ask questions intended to elicit the suspect to provide answers that may be used as evidence in the event of an arrest.

[[Implied consent#Non-evidential testing|Non-evidentiary testing]] falls under this stage because implied consent laws in the US generally do not apply to [[Breathalyzer#Law enforcement|Preliminary Breath Test (PBT)]] testing (small handheld devices, as opposed to evidential breath test devices).  (For some violations, such as refusals by [[Commercial driver's license|commercial drivers]] or by drivers under 21 years of age, some US jurisdictions may impose implied consent consequences for a PBT refusal,{{citation needed | date=June 2018}} but these are generally not considered to be a refusals under the general "''implied consent''" laws.)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oregonlaws.org/ors/813.136|title=ORS 813.136 (2015) – Consequence of refusal or failure to submit to field sobriety tests|first=Oregon Legislative Counsel|last=Committee}}</ref> Participation in [[Drunk driving in the United States#Standardized Field Sobriety Tests|"field sobriety tests" (FSTs or SFSTs)]] is voluntary in the U.S..<ref name="nolo_ref-long">[https://dui.drivinglaws.org/resources/dui-refusal-blood-breath-urine-test.htm DUI: Refusal to Take a Field Test, or Blood, Breath or Urine Test], NOLO Press ("As a general rule (and unlike chemical testing), there is no legal penalty for refusing to take these tests although the arresting officer can typically testify as to your refusal in court.")</ref><ref>[https://dui.findlaw.com/dui-arrests/can-i-refuse-to-take-field-sobriety-tests.html Findlaw ''Can I Refuse to Take Field Sobriety Tests?'']</ref>