Editing Trans-Alaska Pipeline System (section)

== Forming Alyeska ==
{{main|Alyeska Pipeline Service Company}}
[[File:BP Exploration Building Anchorage.jpg|thumb|right|Alaska headquarters of [[BP]] in [[Anchorage]] ]]
In February 1969, before the SS ''Manhattan'' had even sailed from its East Coast starting point, the Trans-Alaska Pipeline System (TAPS), an unincorporated joint group created by ARCO, [[BP|British Petroleum]], and Humble Oil in October 1968,<ref>Roscow, p. 17</ref> asked for permission from the [[United States Department of the Interior]] to begin geological and engineering studies of a proposed oil pipeline route from Prudhoe Bay to Valdez, across Alaska. Even before the first feasibility studies began, the oil companies had chosen the approximate route of the pipeline.<ref>Naske, p. 252</ref>

Because TAPS hoped to begin laying pipe by September 1969, substantial orders were placed for steel pipeline 48&nbsp;inches (122&nbsp;cm) in diameter.<ref name="Facts, p. 43">Facts, p. 43</ref> No American company manufactured pipe of that specification, so three Japanese companies—[[Sumitomo Metal Industries]], [[Nippon Steel Corporation]] and Nippon Kokan Kabushiki Kaisha—received a $100 million contract for more than 800 miles (1280&nbsp;km) of pipeline. At the same time, TAPS placed a $30 million order for the first of the enormous pumps that would be needed to push the oil through the pipeline.<ref>Mead, p. 118</ref>

In June 1969, as the SS ''Manhattan'' traveled through the Northwest Passage, TAPS formally applied to the Interior Department for a permit to build an oil pipeline across {{convert|800|mi|km}} of public land—from Prudhoe Bay to Valdez.<ref>Naske, p. 251</ref> The application was for a 100-foot (30.5 m) wide right of way to build a subterranean 48-inch (122-centimeter) pipeline including 11 pumping stations. Another right of way was requested to build a construction and maintenance highway paralleling the pipeline. A document of just 20 pages contained all of the information TAPS had collected about the route up to that stage in its surveying.<ref>Berry, p. 106</ref>

The Interior Department responded by sending personnel to analyze the proposed route and plan. [[Max Brewer]], an arctic expert in charge of the [[Naval Arctic Research Laboratory]] at Barrow, concluded that the plan to bury most of the pipeline was completely unfeasible because of the abundance of [[permafrost]] along the route. In a report, Brewer said the hot oil conveyed by the pipeline would melt the underlying permafrost, causing the pipeline to fail as its support turned to mud. This report was passed along to the appropriate committees of the [[United States House Committee on Natural Resources|U.S. House]] and [[United States Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources|Senate]], which had to approve the right-of-way proposal because it asked for more land than authorized in the [[Mineral Leasing Act of 1920]] and because it would break a development freeze imposed in 1966 by former [[United States Secretary of the Interior|Secretary of the Interior]] [[Stewart Udall]].<ref>Naske, p. 253</ref>

Udall imposed the freeze on any projects involving land claimed by Alaska Natives in hopes that an overarching Native claims settlement would result.<ref>Roscow, p. 32</ref> In the fall of 1969, the Department of the Interior and TAPS set about bypassing the land freeze by obtaining waivers from the various native villages that had claims to a portion of the proposed right of way. By the end of September, all the relevant villages had waived their right-of-way claims, and Secretary of the Interior [[Wally Hickel]] asked Congress to lift the land freeze for the entire TAPS project. After several months of questioning by the House and Senate committees with oversight of the project, Hickel was given the authority to lift the land freeze and give the go-ahead to TAPS.{{cn|date=November 2023}}

TAPS began issuing letters of intent to contractors for construction of the "haul road", a highway running the length of the pipeline route to be used for construction. [[Heavy equipment]] was prepared, and crews prepared to go to work after Hickel gave permission and the snow melted.<ref>Roscow, p. 59</ref> Before Hickel could act, however, several Alaska Native and conservation groups asked a judge in Washington, D.C., to issue an injunction against the project. Several of the native villages that had waived claims on the right of way reneged because TAPS had not chosen any Native contractors for the project and the contractors chosen were not likely to hire Native workers.<ref>Roscow, p. 60</ref>

On April 1, 1970, Judge [[George Luzerne Hart, Jr.]], of the [[United States District Court for the District of Columbia]], ordered the Interior Department to not issue a construction permit for a section of the project that crossed one of the claims.<ref>Roscow, p. 61</ref> Less than two weeks later, Hart heard arguments from conservation groups that the TAPS project violated the [[Mineral Leasing Act of 1920|Mineral Leasing Act]] and the [[National Environmental Policy Act]], which had gone into effect at the start of the year. Hart issued an injunction against the project, preventing the Interior Department from issuing a construction permit and halting the project in its tracks.<ref>Naske, p. 255</ref>

After the Department of the Interior was stopped from issuing a construction permit, the unincorporated TAPS consortium was reorganized into the new incorporated [[Alyeska Pipeline Service Company]].<ref>Facts, p. 6</ref> Former Humble Oil manager [[Edward L. Patton]] was put in charge of the new company and began to lobby strongly in favor of an Alaska Native claims settlement to resolve the disputes over the pipeline right of way.<ref>Naske, p. 257</ref>