Editing Transcriptome (section)

==Transcription==
{{See also|Transcription (biology)}}
The transcriptome encompasses all the [[RNA|ribonucleic acid]] (RNA) transcripts present in a given organism or experimental sample.<ref name = Brown2018b>{{ cite book | vauthors = Brown, TA | date = 2018 | title = Genomes 4 | chapter = Chapter 12: Transcriptomics | publisher = Garland Science | place = New York, NY, USA | isbn = 9780815345084}}</ref> RNA is the main carrier of genetic information that is responsible for the process of converting [[DNA]] into an organism's phenotype. A gene can give rise to a single-stranded [[messenger RNA]] (mRNA) through a molecular process known as [[transcription (biology)|transcription]]; this mRNA is complementary to the strand of DNA it originated from.<ref name="pertea">{{cite journal|title=The Human Transcriptome: An Unfinished Story |first=Mihaela|last=Peralta|journal=Genes|year=2012|volume=3|issue=3|pages = 344–360|doi=10.3390/genes3030344|pmid=22916334|pmc = 3422666|doi-access=free}}</ref> The enzyme [[RNA polymerase II]] attaches to the template DNA strand and catalyzes the addition of [[ribonucleotide]]s to the 3' end of the growing sequence of the mRNA transcript.<ref name="transcription">{{cite journal|url=https://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/dna-transcription-426/|title=DNA Transcription|journal=Nature Education|first=Suzanne|last=Clancy|year=2008|volume=1|issue=11|page=41}}</ref>

In order to initiate its function, RNA polymerase II needs to recognize a [[gene promoter|promoter sequence]], located upstream (5') of the gene. In eukaryotes, this process is mediated by [[transcription factor]]s, most notably [[Transcription factor II D]] (TFIID) which recognizes the [[TATA box]] and aids in the positioning of RNA polymerase at the appropriate start site. To finish the production of the RNA transcript, [[Terminator (genetics)|termination]] takes place usually several hundred nuclecotides away from the termination sequence and cleavage takes place.<ref name="transcription" /> This process occurs in the nucleus of a cell along with [[RNA processing]] by which mRNA molecules are [[Five-prime cap|capped]], [[RNA splicing|spliced]] and [[Polyadenylation|polyadenylated]] to increase their stability before being subsequently taken to the cytoplasm. The mRNA gives rise to proteins through the process of [[translation (biology)|translation]] that takes place in [[ribosome]]s.