Editing Transuranium element (section)

==Discoveries==
{{See also|Timeline of chemical element discoveries}}

So far, essentially all transuranium elements have been discovered at four laboratories: [[Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory]] (LBNL) in the United States (elements 93–101, 106, and joint credit for 103–105), the [[Joint Institute for Nuclear Research]] (JINR) in Russia (elements 102 and 114–118, and joint credit for 103–105), the [[GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research]] in Germany (elements 107–112), and [[RIKEN]] in Japan (element 113).
*The Radiation Laboratory (now LBNL) at [[University of California, Berkeley]], led principally by [[Edwin McMillan]], [[Glenn Seaborg]], and [[Albert Ghiorso]], during 1945-1974:
**93. [[neptunium]], Np, named after the planet [[Neptune]], as it follows [[uranium]] and Neptune follows [[Uranus]] in the [[giant planet|planetary sequence]] (1940).
**94. [[plutonium]], Pu, named after [[Pluto]],{{efn|Pluto was a planet at the time of naming, but has since been reclassified as a [[dwarf planet]].}} following the same naming rule as it follows neptunium and Pluto follows Neptune in the Solar System (1940).
**95. [[americium]], Am, named because it is an analog to [[europium]], and so was named after the continent where it was first produced (1944).
**96. [[curium]], Cm, named after [[Pierre Curie|Pierre]] and [[Marie Curie]], scientists who separated out the first radioactive elements (1944), as its lighter analog [[gadolinium]] was named after [[Johan Gadolin]].
**97. [[berkelium]], Bk, named after [[Berkeley, California|Berkeley]], where the University of California, Berkeley is located (1949).
**98. [[californium]], Cf, named after [[California]], where the university is located (1950).
**99. [[einsteinium]], Es, named after [[Albert Einstein]] (1952).
**100. [[fermium]], Fm, named after [[Enrico Fermi]], the physicist who produced the first controlled [[chain reaction]] (1952).
**101. [[mendelevium]], Md, named after Russian chemist [[Dmitri Mendeleev]], credited for being the primary creator of the [[periodic table]] of the [[chemical element]]s (1955).
**102. [[nobelium]], No, named after [[Alfred Nobel]] (1958). The element was originally claimed by a team at the [[Nobel Institute]] in Sweden (1957) – though it later became apparent that the Swedish team had not discovered the element, the LBNL team decided to adopt their name ''nobelium''. This discovery was also claimed by JINR, which doubted the LBNL claim, and named the element ''joliotium'' (Jl) after [[Frédéric Joliot-Curie]] (1965). IUPAC concluded that the JINR had been the first to convincingly synthesize the element (1965), but retained the name ''nobelium'' as deeply entrenched in the literature.
**103. [[lawrencium]], Lr, named after [[Ernest Lawrence]], a physicist best known for development of the [[cyclotron]], and the person for whom [[Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory]] and LBNL (which hosted the creation of these transuranium elements) are named (1961). This discovery was also claimed by the JINR (1965), which doubted the LBNL claim and proposed the name ''rutherfordium'' (Rf) after [[Ernest Rutherford]]. IUPAC concluded that credit should be shared, retaining the name ''lawrencium'' as entrenched in the literature.
**104. [[rutherfordium]], Rf, named after [[Ernest Rutherford]], who was responsible for the concept of the [[atomic nucleus]] (1969). This discovery was also claimed by JINR, led principally by [[Georgy Flyorov]]: they named the element ''kurchatovium'' (Ku), after [[Igor Kurchatov]]. IUPAC concluded that credit should be shared, and adopted the LBNL name ''rutherfordium''.
**105. [[dubnium]], Db, an element that is named after [[Dubna]], where JINR is located. Originally named ''hahnium'' (Ha) in honor of [[Otto Hahn]] by the Berkeley group (1970). This discovery was also claimed by JINR, which named it ''nielsbohrium'' (Ns) after [[Niels Bohr]]. IUPAC concluded that credit should be shared, and renamed the element ''dubnium'' to honour the JINR team.
**106. [[seaborgium]], Sg, named after [[Glenn T. Seaborg]]. This name caused controversy because Seaborg was still alive, but it eventually became accepted by international chemists (1974). This discovery was also claimed by JINR. IUPAC concluded that the Berkeley team had been the first to convincingly synthesize the element.
*The Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung (Society for Heavy Ion Research) in [[Darmstadt]], Hessen, Germany, led principally by [[Gottfried Münzenberg]], [[Peter Armbruster]], and [[Sigurd Hofmann]], during 1980-2000:
**107. [[bohrium]], Bh, named after Danish physicist [[Niels Bohr]], important in the elucidation of the structure of the [[atom]] (1981). This discovery was also claimed by JINR. IUPAC concluded that the GSI had been the first to convincingly synthesise the element. The GSI team had originally proposed ''nielsbohrium'' (Ns) to resolve the naming dispute on element 105, but this was changed by IUPAC as there was no precedent for using a scientist's first name in an element name.
**108. [[hassium]], Hs, named after the [[Latin]] form of the name of [[Hessen]], the German ''[[States of Germany|Bundesland]]'' where this work was performed (1984). This discovery was also claimed by JINR. IUPAC concluded that the GSI had been the first to convincingly synthesize the element, while acknowledging the pioneering work at JINR.
**109. [[meitnerium]], Mt, named after [[Lise Meitner]], an Austrian physicist who was one of the earliest scientists to study [[nuclear fission]] (1982).
**110. [[darmstadtium]], Ds, named after [[Darmstadt]], Germany, the city in which this work was performed (1994). This discovery was also claimed by JINR, which proposed the name ''becquerelium'' after [[Henri Becquerel]], and by LBNL, which proposed the name ''hahnium'' to resolve the dispute on element 105 (despite having protested the reusing of established names for different elements). IUPAC concluded that GSI had been the first to convincingly synthesize the element.
**111. [[roentgenium]], Rg, named after [[Wilhelm Röntgen]], discoverer of X-rays (1994).
**112. [[copernicium]], Cn, named after astronomer [[Nicolaus Copernicus]] (1996).
*RIKEN in [[Wakō, Saitama]], Japan, led principally by [[Kōsuke Morita]]:
**113. [[nihonium]], Nh, named after [[Japan]] (''Nihon'' in [[Japanese language|Japanese]]) where the element was discovered (2004). This discovery was also claimed by JINR. IUPAC concluded that RIKEN had been the first to convincingly synthesize the element.
*JINR in Dubna, Russia, led principally by [[Yuri Oganessian]], in collaboration with several other labs including [[Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory]] (LLNL), since 2000:
**114. [[flerovium]], Fl, named after Soviet physicist [[Georgy Flyorov]], founder of JINR (1999).
**115. [[moscovium]], Mc, named after [[Moscow Oblast]], where the element was discovered (2004).
**116. [[livermorium]], Lv, named after Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, a collaborator with JINR in the discovery (2000).
**117. [[tennessine]], Ts, after [[Tennessee]], where the berkelium target needed for the synthesis of the element was manufactured (2010).
**118. [[oganesson]], Og, after [[Yuri Oganessian]], who led the JINR team in its discovery of elements 114 to 118 (2002).