Editing Triangular trade (section)

===New England===
[[File:Graph of the Number of Slaves Imported From Africa.png|thumb|248x248px|The number of slaves imported from Africa from 1501 to 1866]]

New England also made rum from Caribbean sugar and [[molasses]], which it shipped to Africa as well as within the [[New World]].<ref>[http://www.slavenorth.com/rhodeisland.htm "Slavery in Rhode Island"]. Slavery in the North. Accessed 11 September 2011.</ref>  Yet, the "triangle trade" as considered in relation to New England was a piecemeal operation. No New England traders are known to have completed a sequential circuit of the full triangle, which took a calendar year on average, according to historian Clifford Shipton.<ref name="Curtis 2006" /> The concept of the New England Triangular trade was first suggested, inconclusively, in an 1866 book by George H. Moore, was picked up in 1872 by historian George C. Mason, and reached full consideration from a lecture in 1887 by American businessman and historian William B. Weeden.<ref name="Curtis 2006" />

In the context of an incohesive operation rather than a sequential circuit, expansive eastern seaboard "Farms" had, in earnest after 1690, sustained southern New England proprietorship, land banks, and [[Rhode Island pound|currency]] within a Greater Caribbean plantation complex. During the seventeenth century, colonial charters and royal commissioners precluded attempts to establish a New England carrying trade by, for example, the [[Atherton Trading Company]] and [[John Hull (merchant)|John Hull]]. But proposals by [[Peleg Sanford]] provided implementation frameworks for eighteenth-century "Farms" and carriers. Historian Sean Kelley examines nineteenth-century "American slavers" because "the North American transatlantic slave trade before 1776 was, in essence, merely another branch of the carrying trade."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kelley |first1=Sean M. |title=American Slavers: Merchants, Mariners, and the Transatlantic Commerce in Captives, 1644-1865 |date=30 May 2023 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-27155-3 |page=81 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Oakes |first1=James |title=Ships Going Out |journal=New York Review of Books |date=September 2023 |url=https://www.nybooks.com/articles/2023/09/21/ships-going-out-american-slavers-sean-m-kelley/ |language=en |issn=0028-7504}}</ref> Before [[1780 Atlantic hurricane season|1780]], wartime embargoes and the [[Atlantic hurricane season]] spurred carrier attempts to address [[Impact of hurricanes on Caribbean history|deficits]] by circumventing mercantile restrictions, increasing New England trade with the Dutch, Danish, and French Caribbean.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Schwartz |first1=Stuart B. |title=Sea of Storms: A History of Hurricanes in the Greater Caribbean from Columbus to Katrina |date=2016 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-17360-3 |pages=48–49 |language=en}}</ref> 

Periodic trials and executions of notorious smugglers diminshed royal peacetime embargoes, particularly in response to illegal carrying as well as General Assembly endorsement of [[Aquidneck Island|Aquidneck]] as a haven for pirates. These pirates began to disperse from Newport between [[Queen Anne's War]] and 1723 mass executions, establishing the seaport as the dominant carrying hub, with Providence coming in a distant second. British carriers continued to provision plantations outside the boundaries of empire.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Burgess |first1=Douglas R. |title=A Crisis of Charter and Right: Piracy and Colonial Resistance in Seventeenth-Century Rhode Island |journal=Journal of Social History |date=2012 |volume=45 |issue=3 |pages=605–622 |issn=0022-4529}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Hanna |first1=Mark G. |title=Pirate Nests and the Rise of the British Empire, 1570-1740 |date=22 October 2015 |publisher=UNC Press Books |isbn=978-1-4696-1795-4 |pages=365–392 |language=en}}</ref> 

Wartime embargoes that reduced overseas trade precipitated speculative ventures, as well as land and estuary auctions of [[Narragansett people|Narragansett]] tribal reserves, under legislature (public) jurisdiction, by private trusts, a specific type of fiduciary relationship for subsidizing expense accounts, purveying regular annuities, or both. Bidders at vendue were frequently interior "composite"<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bushman |first1=Richard Lyman |title=Markets and Composite Farms in Early America |journal=The William and Mary Quarterly |date=1998 |volume=55 |issue=3 |pages=351–374 |issn=0043-5597}}</ref> yeomen and fishermen,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kulik |first1=Gary |title=Dams, Fishes, and Farmers: Defense of Public Rights in Eighteenth-Century Rhode Island |journal=The Countryside in the Age of Capitalist Transformation: Essays in the Social History of Rural America |date=1985 |volume=University of North Carolina Press |issue=Chapel Hill |pages=25–50}}</ref> who (according to certain historians) misconceived<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kulikoff |first1=Allan |title=From British Peasants to Colonial American Farmers |date=1 February 2014 |publisher=Univ of North Carolina Press |location=Chapel Hill |isbn=978-0-8078-6078-6 |pages=104 and 207 |language=en}}</ref> of revenue derived from the carrying trade  as income "competency." Bidders included competitive carriers in secondary seaports such as Providence as well.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Vickers |first1=Daniel |title=Competency and Competition: Economic Culture in Early America |journal=The William and Mary Quarterly |date=1990 |volume=47 |issue=1 |pages=3–29 |doi=10.2307/2938039 |jstor=2938039 |issn=0043-5597}}</ref> Despite the antebellum rise of "Greater Northeast" industrial agriculture,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ron |first1=Ariel |title=Grassroots Leviathan: Agricultural Reform and the Rural North in the Slaveholding Republic |date=2020 |publisher=JHU Press |isbn=978-1-4214-3932-7 |page=12 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UIYIEAAAQBAJ |language=en}}</ref> the southern New England "Farms" and the carrying trade<ref>{{cite book |last1=Clark-Pujara |first1=Christy |title=Dark Work: The Business of Slavery in Rhode Island |date=2016 |publisher=NYU Press |isbn=978-1-4798-7042-4 |pages=24–27 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FgvMCgAAQBAJ |language=en}}</ref> in [[Sugar plantations in the Caribbean|Caribbean sugar]], [[Colonial molasses trade|molasses]], rice, coffee, indigo, mahogany, and pre-1740 "[[Seasoning (slavery)|seasoned slaves]]",<ref>{{cite book |last1=O'Malley |first1=Gregory E. |title=Final Passages: The Intercolonial Slave Trade of British America, 1619-1807 |date=2014 |publisher=UNC Press Books |isbn=978-1-4696-1535-6 |page=213 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K7_qCQAAQBAJ |language=en}}</ref> began to dissipate by the [[Election of 1800]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Clark-Pujara |first1=Christy |title=Dark Work: The Business of Slavery in Rhode Island |date=2016 |publisher=NYU Press |isbn=978-1-4798-7042-4 |page=90 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FgvMCgAAQBAJ |language=en}}</ref> and largely collapsed into agrarian ruins by the [[War of 1812]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Taylor |first1=Alan |title=The Civil War of 1812: American Citizens, British Subjects, Irish Rebels, and Indian Allies |date=2010 |publisher=Alfred A. Knopf |isbn=978-1-4000-4265-4 |pages=31 and 119 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XpKLDQAAQBAJ |language=en}}</ref> 

[[Newport, Rhode Island|Newport]] and [[Bristol, Rhode Island]], were major ports involved in the colonial triangular slave trade.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.projo.com/extra/2006/slavery/day1/ |title=The Unrighteous Traffick |website=[[The Providence Journal]] |date=March 12, 2006 |access-date=July 31, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090912032147/http://www.projo.com/extra/2006/slavery/day1/ |archive-date=September 12, 2009 }}</ref> Many significant Newport merchants and traders participated in the trade, working closely with merchants and traders in the Caribbean and [[Charleston, South Carolina]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Deutsch|first=Sarah|date=1982|title=The Elusive Guineamen: Newport Slavers, 1735–1774|jstor=365360|journal=[[The New England Quarterly]]|volume=55|issue=2|pages=229–253|doi=10.2307/365360}}</ref>