Editing Trienio Liberal (section)

== Liberal government ==
[[Image:Rafael Riego.jpg|thumb|left|200px|[[Rafael del Riego]] (1784–1823), the leader of the [[Cortes Generales]], which sought to restore the 1812 constitution.]]{{See also|July 1822 Spanish coup d'état}}
Despite the rebels' relative weakness, Ferdinand accepted the constitution on 9 March 1820, granting power to liberal ministers and ushering in the so-called Liberal Triennium (''el Trienio Liberal''), a period of liberal rule. However, political conspiracies of both right and left proliferated in Spain, as was the case across much of the rest of Europe. Liberal revolutionaries stormed the King's palace and seized Ferdinand VII, who was a prisoner of the Cortes in all but name for the next three years and retired to [[Aranjuez]]. The elections to the [[Cortes Generales]] in 1822 were won by [[Rafael del Riego]]. Ferdinand's supporters set themselves up at [[Urgell]], took up arms and put in place an absolutist regency, the [[Urgel Regency]].

Ferdinand's supporters, accompanied by the Royal Guard, staged an uprising in Madrid that was subdued by forces supporting the new government and its constitution. Despite the defeat of Ferdinand's supporters at Madrid, civil war erupted in the regions of [[Castile (historical region)|Castile]], [[Toledo, Spain|Toledo]], and [[Andalusia]].

Three years of liberal rule (the ''Trienio Liberal'') followed. The Progresista government reorganized Spain into 52 provinces, and it intended to reduce the regional autonomy that had been a hallmark of Spanish bureaucracy since Habsburg rule in the 16th and 17th centuries. Opposition of the affected regions, in particular, Aragon, Navarre, and Catalonia, shared in the king's antipathy for the liberal government. The anticlerical policies of the Progresista government led to friction with the [[Catholic Church in Spain|Catholic Church]], and attempts to bring about industrialisation alienated old [[trade guild]]s. The [[Spanish Inquisition]], which had been abolished by both [[Joseph Bonaparte]] and the [[Cortes of Cádiz]] during the French occupation, was ended again by the government, which led to accusations of it being nothing more than ''[[afrancesados]]'' (francophiles), who, only six years earlier, had been forced out of the country.

More radical liberals attempted to revolt against the entire idea of a monarchy, regardless of how little power it had. In 1821, they were suppressed, but the incident served to illustrate the frail coalition that bound the government together.[[Image:Francisco Goya - Portrait of Ferdinand VII of Spain in his robes of state (1815) - Prado.jpg|thumb|175px|[[Ferdinand VII of Spain]], who abolished the Spanish Constitution of 1812 in 1814. Portrait by [[Francisco Goya]], 1814.]]The election of a radical liberal government in 1823 further destabilized Spain. The army, whose liberal leanings had brought the government to power, began to waver when the Spanish economy failed to improve, and in 1823, a mutiny in Madrid had to be suppressed. The [[Jesuits]], who had been banned by [[Charles III of Spain|Charles III]] in the 18th century, only to be rehabilitated by Ferdinand VII after his restoration, were banned again by the government. For the duration of liberal rule, Ferdinand (still technically head of state) lived under virtual house arrest in Madrid. The [[Congress of Vienna]], ending the Napoleonic Wars, had inaugurated the "Congress system" as an instrument of international stability in Europe. Rebuffed by the [[Holy Alliance]] of [[Russian Empire|Russia]], [[Austrian Empire|Austria]], and [[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussia]] in his request for help against the liberal revolutionaries in 1820, by 1822, the "Concert of Europe" was so concerned by Spain's liberal government and its surprising hardiness that it was prepared to intervene on Ferdinand's behalf.

In 1822, the [[Congress of Verona]] authorized France to intervene. [[Louis XVIII of France]] was only too happy to put an end to Spain's liberal experiment, and a massive army, the [[Hundred Thousand Sons of Saint Louis|100,000 Sons of Saint Louis]], was dispatched across the Pyrenees in April 1823. The Spanish army, fraught by internal divisions, offered little resistance to the well organised French force, who seized Madrid and reinstalled Ferdinand as absolute monarch. The liberals' hopes for a new Spanish War of Independence were dashed.

Regarding the policy for America in the absolutist period, the new government changed political repression into negotiation. Sending troops was replaced by commissioners to attract pro-independence leaders, who were invited to submit to royal authority in exchange for recognition by Spain. With that in mind, the government announced a ceasefire for negotiations with the rebels until the 1812 Constitution, which ironically, had been superseded by Ferdinand's actions, was accepted.

According to the ceasefire, Spain would end the persecution and would issue a blanket amnesty for the insurgents; otherwise, the war would continue. The 11 commissioners failed, since the patriots demanded recognition of their independence from Spain.