Editing Trygve Lie (section)

==Political career==
In local politics he served as a member of the executive committee of [[Aker, Norway|Aker]] municipality council from 1922 to 1931. He was elected to the [[Storting|Norwegian Parliament]] from [[Akershus]] in 1937. He was appointed [[Minister of Justice (Norway)|minister of justice]] when a Labour Party government was formed by [[Johan Nygaardsvold]] in 1935. Lie was later appointed [[Ministry of Trade and Industry (Norway)|minister of trade]] (July to October 1939) and minister of supplies (October 1939 to 1941).

A socialist from an early age, Lie once met [[Vladimir Lenin]] while on a Labour Party visit to Moscow and gave permission for [[Leon Trotsky]] to settle in Norway after he was exiled from the [[Soviet Union]].<ref name="Immigrant1"/> However, because of pressure from [[Joseph Stalin]], he forced Trotsky to leave the country.<ref>{{cite book| last=Deutscher| first=Isaac| publisher=Verso| year=2003| title=The Prophet Outcast: Trotsky, 1929-1940| edition=reprint| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6JfWUSEacRgC| pages=274–282| isbn=978-1859844519| access-date=27 June 2020}}</ref>

When [[Nazi Germany]] invaded Norway in 1940, Lie ordered all Norwegian ships to sail to [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] ports. In 1941, Lie was named as [[Minister of Foreign Affairs (Norway)|foreign minister]] of the Norwegian government-in-exile, and he remained in this position until 1946.<ref name="Sze memoir">{{cite book| last1=Sze| first1=Szeming| title=Working for the United Nations: 1948-1968| date=December 1986| publisher=University of Pittsburgh| page=2| edition=Digital| url=http://digital.library.pitt.edu/cgi-bin/t/text/text-idx?idno=31735066261623;view=toc;c=ulstext| access-date=7 November 2014}}</ref>

===United Nations career===
Lie led the Norwegian delegation to the [[United Nations]] conference in [[San Francisco]] in 1945 and was a leader in drafting the provisions of the [[United Nations Security Council]]. He was the leader of the Norwegian delegation to the [[United Nations General Assembly]] in 1946. Lie first stood for the election for [[president of the General Assembly]] but lost to [[Paul-Henri Spaak]] of Belgium.<ref name="70thanniversary">{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/pga/70/2016/01/11/70th-anniversary-of-first-meeting-of-general-assembly/ | title=70th anniversary of first meeting of General Assembly |publisher=United Nations|access-date=15 May 2022}}</ref> After in January 1946 the Soviet Union opposed the Canadian candidate [[Lester B. Pearson]] due to him being a North American and the UN headquarters were also in North America, and the United States opposed both Soviet candidates, those being the [[Yugoslavia|Yugoslav]] ambassador to Washington [[Stanoje Simić|Stanoye Simic]] and [[Wincenty Rzymowski]], the foreign minister of Poland, the United States eventually produced Lie as the candidate, to which both powers agreed.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hamilton |first=Thomas J. |date=1950 |title=The U. N. and Trygve Lie |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20030815 |journal=Foreign Affairs |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=69 |doi=10.2307/20030815 |jstor=20030815 |issn=0015-7120|url-access=subscription }}</ref> He was elected as the first [[Secretary-General of the United Nations|secretary-general of the United Nations]] by a unanimous vote in the Security Council and by a 46–3 vote in the General Assembly.<ref name="Husen"/> As the first person to occupy the new position, he would help come to shape the role as it developed in international diplomacy.<ref name="Ravndal">{{cite journal |last1=Ravndal |first1=Ellen |date=2017 |title='"A Force for Peace": Expanding the Role of the UN Secretary-General Under Trygve Lie, 1946−1953' |journal=Global Governance |volume=23 |issue=3 |pages=443–459|doi=10.1163/19426720-02303007 |url=https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:4524630e-0f72-4169-b3e3-c53d250a3424 }}</ref>

As secretary-general, Lie appointed, among others, Jan Pedersen, Raymond Fourier, Oskar Larsen and a wide variety of officials to the positions of under-secretaries-general or special advisors during his tenure, with a tendency to prefer individuals he had previously worked with. Lie supported the foundations of [[Israel]] and [[Indonesia]]. His passionate support for Israel included passing secret military and diplomatic information to Israeli officials.<ref>{{cite journal| first=Hilde Henriksen| last=Waage| title=The Winner Takes All: The 1949 Island of Rhodes Armistice Negotiations Revisited| journal=Middle East Journal| volume=65| year=2011| issue=2| pages=279–304| doi=10.3751/65.2.15| s2cid=145309069}}</ref> He sent 50 members of the United Nations guard force from [[Lake Success, New York|Lake Success]] to assist the mediator in supervising the truce in the former [[Mandatory Palestine|British Mandate of Palestine]] in 1948, and the "[[UNTSO]]", the first [[peacekeeping]] operation, was established by the United Nations.<ref>{{cite press release |url=http://domino.un.org/unispal.nsf/9a798adbf322aff38525617b006d88d7/4873784c8514119985256a57006d7fa1!OpenDocument |title=Fifty U.N. Guards to go to Palestine |date=17 June 1948 |access-date=27 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20011123220235/http://domino.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/9a798adbf322aff38525617b006d88d7/4873784c8514119985256a57006d7fa1!OpenDocument |archive-date=23 November 2001 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> He worked for the withdrawal of Soviet forces in [[Iran]] during the [[Iran crisis of 1946]] and a ceasefire in fighting in [[Kashmir]].<ref name="Ravndal"/> Regarding Iran, Lies' memorandum on a potential solution was not implemented, but, as a result of the need for raising important issues, the Security Council changed its rules of procedures to enable the secretary general to address it on any question under consideration.<ref name="Ravndal"/> This change would have important consequences both for Lie with regards to the Korean War as well as for later secretaries-general.<ref name="Ravndal"/>

Lie advocated for the creation of the UN Guard, a non-military force of "1,000–5,000 men, largely drawn from the smaller member states, to be recruited by the Secretary-General and placed at the disposal of the Security Council, the General Assembly, and the Trusteeship Council."<ref>{{Citation |title=Testing the Waters, 1945–1955 |date=2023 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/blue-helmet-bureaucrats/testing-the-waters-19451955/B16A2D00C1A8B37DB8ACF7CD133A64C8 |work=Blue Helmet Bureaucrats: United Nations Peacekeeping and the Reinvention of Colonialism, 1945–1971 |pages=30–76 |editor-last=Tudor |editor-first=Margot |access-date=2023-04-23 |series=Human Rights in History |place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |doi=10.1017/9781009264952.002 |isbn=978-1-009-26496-9|doi-access=free }}</ref>

In 1948, Lie was involved in mediation attempts between Russia and the West following the [[Berlin Blockade]].<ref name="Jessup">{{cite journal |last1=Jessup |first1=Phillip |date=1971 |title=The Berlin Blockade and the Use of the United Nations |journal=Foreign Affairs |volume=50 |issue=1 |pages=163–173|doi=10.2307/20037895 |jstor=20037895 }}</ref> In June 1948, he offered to raise the blockade to the UN Security Council as a 'threat to the peace' but was told by the US State Department that this was not necessary.<ref name="Jessup"/> In November 1948, he recommended that the UN attempt to work out the currency issue and present a solution to both sides.<ref name="Jessup"/> However, in this regard he was not successful, as Stalin eventually ordered the lifting of the blockade in May 1949 in response to the effects of a trade embargo and the subsequent ongoing success of the Allied airlift operation.<ref name="Jessup"/>

Lie was Secretary-General of the UN during the period of the [[Korean War]]. Following the June 25, 1950, attack by North Korean forces, Lie immediately invoked Article 99 of the UN Charter to convene the Security Council that day.<ref name="Husen"/> He stated that as Korea was a ward of the UN, the invasion was an attack on the UN itself and that the Security Council should take the necessary steps to reestablish peace.<ref name="Husen"/> A resolution to that effect passed in the Council by 9–0, owing to the absence of the Soviet Union due to the [[Soviet Union boycott of the United Nations]].<ref name="Husen"/> It is stated that this attracted the ire of the Soviet Union.<ref name="Milestones">{{cite magazine |title=Milestones |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,839743-2,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090212090259/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,839743-2,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=12 February 2009 |magazine=Time |page=2 |date=10 January 1969 |access-date=17 December 2008}}</ref> During the war, Lie had wanted an international committee to direct military forces, but this was opposed by the US, and a compromise was reached whereby a unified UN command would be created but under the overall command of a US general.<ref name="Husen"/> He has been criticised by some for his failures to bring about a swifter end to the Korean War, despite several repeated attempts to bring the People's Republic of China to ceasefire negotiations.<ref name="Husen"/>

On 1 November 1950, over objections by the Soviet Union, the UN General Assembly voted by 46 votes to five (and eight abstentions) to extend Lie's term of office.<ref>[[:wikisource:en:United Nations General Assembly Resolution 492|United Nations General Assembly Resolution 492]], 1 November 1950</ref> The vote was a consequence of an impasse in the Security Council in which the Soviet Union refused to consider Lie due to his involvement in the [[Korean War]],<ref name="Husen"/> while the US refused to accept any candidate except Lie.<ref name="Husen"/> Lie later worked to end the Soviet boycott of UN meetings, though his involvement had little to do with the eventual return of the Soviet Union to the UN. He was opposed to [[Spain]]'s entry into the United Nations because of his opposition to [[Francisco Franco]]'s government.<ref>{{cite book| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t5hQAQAAIAAJ| pages=80–85| first=James| last=Barros| title=Trygve Lie and the Cold War: The UN Secretary-General Pursues Peace, 1946-1953| publisher=Northern Illinois Univ Press| year=1989| isbn=978-0875801483| access-date=27 June 2020}}</ref> He also sought to have the [[People's Republic of China]] recognized by the United Nations after the [[Republic of China|Nationalist government]] was exiled to [[Taiwan]], arguing that the People's Republic was the only government that could fulfill the membership obligations in full.<ref name="Milestones"/><ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/1950-10-01/u-n-and-trygve-lie |title=The U. N. and Trygve Lie |date=1 October 1950 |magazine=[[Foreign Affairs]] |language=en |access-date=8 January 2020}}</ref>

[[File:1952 Trygve Lie Resigns.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Resignation of Lie in November 1952]]

By late 1952, the USSR continued to refuse to acknowledge Lie as secretary-general and, having also been accused by [[Joseph McCarthy]] of hiring "disloyal" Americans{{spaced ndash}}an allegation that he attributed to the pressing need for UN civil servants following the establishment of the UN{{spaced ndash}}Lie resigned on 10 November 1952.<ref>{{cite web| title=Trygve Halvdan Lie| url=https://www.un.org/sg/en/content/trygve-halvdan-lie |publisher=United Nations Secretary-General| access-date=27 June 2020}}</ref>

The UN came under US official scrutiny after the conviction of [[Alger Hiss]], who had served as acting secretary general at the first convening of the UN in San Francisco (in 1945). A [[United States Department of State|State Department]] report dated 17 January 1951, states:

<blockquote>''Subject: McCarran Act—Possible Conflict with Headquarters Agreement''<br />In conversation with Abe Feller in New York recently he expressed the view that the regulations which have been issued under the [[McCarran Act]] make it fairly clear to him that there is likely to be some conflict between that Act and the way in which it is being interpreted and the Headquarters Agreement. He expressed the view that in the event of such conflict the UN secretariat would be forced to resort to the arbitration procedure under the Agreement. He stated he thought this would be very unfortunate and wondered whether any consideration was being given to a general amendment to the McCarran Act which would waive its provisions so far as it conflicted with international obligations or international agreements. I told him I did not know whether any amendments were under consideration but that I would bring his view to your attention.<ref name=USDOS>{{cite journal| title=Memorandum by the Director of the Office of International Administration and Conferences (Hall) to the Legal Adviser (Fisher)| journal=Foreign Relations of the United States, 1951| publisher=U.S. Department of State| url=https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1951v02/d17| date=17 January 1951| access-date=10 October 2018}}</ref></blockquote>

[[Abraham Feller]], general counsel and principal director, Legal Department, [[United Nations Secretariat]], was reportedly a close friend of Alger Hiss.<ref name=Crimson-obit>{{cite journal| title=Ex-Law Teacher, Aide to UN's Lie, Commits Suicide| journal=[[The Harvard Crimson]]| url=https://www.thecrimson.com/article/1952/11/14/ex-law-teacher-aide-to-uns-lie/| date=14 November 1952| access-date=10 October 2018}}</ref> On 14 November 1952, just days after Lie's resignation from the UN, Feller died by suicide, jumping out of the window of his apartment in New York City.<ref name=JTA-obit>{{cite news| title=Abraham Feller, High U.N. Official, commits Suicide in New York| publisher=[[Jewish Telegraphic Agency]]| url=https://www.jta.org/1952/11/14/archive/abraham-feller-high-u-n-official-commits-suicide-in-new-york| date=14 November 1952| access-date=10 October 2018}}</ref>

===After the United Nations===
Lie remained active in Norwegian politics after his resignation from the UN. He was the [[List of County Governors of Akershus|county governor of Oslo and Akershus]], chairman of the Board of Energy, [[Minister of Industry (Norway)|minister of industry]],<ref>{{cite magazine |title=End of an Institution |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,940710,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081222092617/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,940710,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 December 2008 |magazine=Time |date=30 August 1963 |access-date=17 December 2008}}</ref> and [[Minister of Trade and Shipping (Norway)|minister of trade and shipping]]. He wrote a number of books, including ''In the Cause of Peace'', an account of his years at the UN.<ref name="Sze memoir" />