Editing Turntablism (section)

===Precursors===
{{Main|Recording studio as an instrument}}
The use of the turntable as a [[musical instrument]] has its roots dating back to the 1930s, 1940s, and 1950s when [[musique concrète]] composers did experiments with audio equipment. [[Experimental music|Experimental]] composers (such as [[John Cage]], [[Halim El-Dabh]], and [[Pierre Schaeffer]]) used them to [[sampling (music)|sample]] and create music that was entirely produced by the turntable. Cage's ''[[Imaginary Landscape No. 1]]'' (1939) is composed for two variable speed turntables, frequency recordings, muted piano and [[cymbal]]. [[Edgard Varèse]] experimented with turntables even earlier in 1930, though he never formally produced any works using them. Though this school of thought and practice is not directly linked to the 1970s–2010 definition of turntablism within hip hop and DJ culture, it has had an influence on modern experimental sonic/artists such as [[Christian Marclay]], [[Janek Schaefer]], [[Otomo Yoshihide]], [[Philip Jeck]], and [[Maria Chavez]]. Turntablism as it is known today, however, did not surface until the advent of [[hip hop]] in the 1970s.

Examples of turntable effects can also be found on popular records produced in the 1960s and 1970s. This was most prominent in Jamaican [[dub music]] of the 1960s,<ref name="cambridge49">{{Cite book|last1=Collins|first1=Nick|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AJbdPZv1DjgC&pg=PA49|title=The Cambridge Companion to Electronic Music|last2=Rincón|first2=Julio d' Escrivan |date= 2007|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-86861-7| page = 49}}</ref> among [[deejay]]s in the Jamaican [[Sound system (Jamaican)|sound system]] culture. Dub music introduced the techniques of mixing and scratching vinyl,<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Brown|first1=Andrew|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q-UJLXXBqUQC&pg=PA127|title=Computers in Music Education: Amplifying Musicality|date= 2012|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-86598-6|page = 127}}</ref> which Jamaican immigrants introduced to American hip hop culture in the early 1970s.<ref name="cambridge">{{Cite book|last1=Collins|first1=Nick|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bQeAtG97BmEC&pg=PA105|title=Electronic Music|last2=Schedel|first2=Margaret|last3=Wilson|first3=Scott|date= 2013|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-01093-2|page = 105 |doi = 10.1017/CBO9780511820540}}</ref> Beyond dub music, [[Creedence Clearwater Revival]]'s 1968 [[Creedence Clearwater Revival (album)|self-titled debut album]] features a [[Back spinning|backspin]] effect in the song "Walk on the Water".
[[File:Sid Wilson at Mayhem.jpg|thumb|[[Sid Wilson]] of [[Slipknot (band)|Slipknot]] operating [[Direct-drive turntable|direct-drive turntables]] at Mayhem Festival in 2008.]]