Editing Turul (section)

==Turul dynasty==
In Hungarian tradition, it originated as the clan symbol used in the 9th and 10th centuries by the ruling [[Árpád dynasty]].<ref>[[Chronicon Pictum]], [[Gesta Hungarorum]].{{clarify|date=April 2016}}
Arnold Ipolyi, "Magyar mitológia" (Hungarian Mythology) 1854; Gáspár Heltai, Hungarian Mythology.
"[...] the hawk or ''turul'', which in shamanistic lore rested upon the tree of life connecting the earth with the netherworld and the skies, persevered for longer [than other clan totems] as a device belonging to the ruling house. But even this was soon eclipsed by the symbol of the double cross and, around 1200, by the striped shield coloured in the red and white of Christ's Passion."
Martyn C. Rady, [https://books.google.com/books?id=4SViWPzFj1AC&dq=Turul+Hungarian+nobility&pg=PA12 Nobility, land and service in medieval Hungary], Palgrave Macmillan, 2000, p.12</ref> The [[Árpád dynasty]] was the ruling [[dynasty]] of the [[Principality of Hungary]] in the 9th and 10th centuries and of the [[Kingdom of Hungary]] from 1000 to 1301. The [[Árpád dynasty]] is also referred to as the Turul dynasty.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last1=Horváth-Lugossy |first1=Gábor |url=https://mki.gov.hu/assets/pdf/MKI_EN_006_kings_and_saints_B5_web.pdf |title=Kings and Saints - The Age of the Árpáds |last2=Makoldi |first2=Miklós |last3=Neparáczki |first3=Endre |publisher=Institute of Hungarian Research |year=2022 |isbn=978-615-6117-65-6 |location=Budapest, Székesfehérvár}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Dümmerth |first=Dezső |title=Az Árpádok nyomában |publisher=Junior |year=1996 |isbn=963-388-154-4 |edition=5th |trans-title=Following the Árpáds}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dr. Horváth-Lugossy |first=Gábor |date=2022 |title=Feltárulnak a Turul-dinasztia titkai (The secrets of the Turul dynasty are revealed) |url=https://mandiner.hu/cikk/20220118_feltarulnak_a_turul_dinasztia_titkai |journal=Mandiner |language=Hungarian}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Dr. Horváth-Lugossy |first=Gábor |year=2022 |title=Küldetésünk: a magyar történelem helyreigazítása |url=https://mki.gov.hu/hu/videok-hu/mediaszereplesek-hu/kuldetesunk-a-magyar-tortenelem-helyreigazitasa |website=Institute of Hungarian Research}}</ref> 

The ''[[Gesta Hunnorum et Hungarorum]]'' mentioned that the [[Árpád dynasty]] descended from the ''gens'' (clan) Turul,<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dr. Horváth-Lugossy |first=Gábor |date=2022 |title=Feltárulnak a Turul-dinasztia titkai (The secrets of the Turul dynasty are revealed) |url=https://mandiner.hu/cikk/20220118_feltarulnak_a_turul_dinasztia_titkai |journal=Mandiner |language=Hungarian}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Dr. Horváth-Lugossy |first=Gábor |year=2022 |title=Küldetésünk: a magyar történelem helyreigazítása |url=https://mki.gov.hu/hu/videok-hu/mediaszereplesek-hu/kuldetesunk-a-magyar-tortenelem-helyreigazitasa |website=Institute of Hungarian Research}}</ref> and the ''[[Gesta Hungarorum]]'' recorded that the [[Árpád dynasty|Árpád's]] [[Totem|totemic]] ancestor was the Turul.<ref name="Kristó 1994 Korai p. 693">Kristó 1994 ''Korai'' p. 693.</ref>

{{Blockquote|''And among the captains, [[Árpád]] the son of [[Álmos]], son of [[Előd]], son of [[Ügyek]], from the Turul clan, was richer in wealth and more powerful in war.''|[[Simon of Kéza]]: ''[[Gesta Hunnorum et Hungarorum]]''<ref>''Simon of Kéza: Gesta Hunnorum et Hungarorum'' https://mek.oszk.hu/02200/02249/02249.htm</ref>}}

{{Blockquote|''Duke [[Géza, Grand Prince of the Hungarians|Géza]] from the Turul clan was the one who, as they say, was the first among the Hungarians who got a summon from heaven in order to receive the Christian faith and baptism.''|[[Simon of Kéza]]: ''[[Gesta Hunnorum et Hungarorum]]''<ref>''Simon of Kéza: Gesta Hunnorum et Hungarorum'' https://mek.oszk.hu/02200/02249/02249.htm</ref>}}In the legend of [[Emese]], recorded in the ''[[Gesta Hungarorum]]'' and the ''[[Chronicon Pictum]]'', the Turul is mentioned as occurring in a dream of Emese, when she was already pregnant.<ref name="oszk">{{cite web|url=http://mek.oszk.hu/02100/02115/html/1-1904.html|title=Magyar Néprajzi Lexikon: Emese |publisher=mek.oszk.hu |access-date=1 June 2014}}</ref>
[[File:Emese álma.jpg|thumb|left|[[Emese]], mother of [[Álmos]]]]
{{Quote|''In the 819th year of Our Lord's incarnation, [[Ügyek]], who, as we said above, being of the family of King Magog became a long time later the most noble prince of [[Scythia]], took to wife in [[Dentumoger]] the daughter of Duke Eunedubelian, called Emese, from whom he sired a son, who was named [[Álmos]]. But he is called Álmos from a divine event, because when she was pregnant a divine vision appeared to his mother in a dream in the form of a falcon that, as if coming to her, impregnated her and made known to her that from her womb a torrent would come forth and from her loins glorious kings be generated, but that they would not increase in their land. Because, therefore, a dream is called "álom" in the [[Hungarian language]] and his birth was predicted in a dream, so he was called Álmos. Or he is thus called Álmos, that is holy, because holy kings and dukes were born of his line.''|[[Anonymus (notary of Béla III)|Anonymus]]: ''[[Gesta Hungarorum]]''<ref>''Anonymus, Notary of King Béla: The Deeds of the Hungarians'' (chapter 3) https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/18975/1/18975.pdf</ref>}}{{Blockquote|''Ügyek's son Előd, fathered a son by the daughter of Eunodubilia in Scythian land, whose name was Álmos, because a bird in the shape of a falcon appeared in his mother's dream when she was pregnant, a rushing stream sprang from her womb, it grew, but not in its own land, and from this it was prophesied that glorious kings would come from her loins. Because dream is "álom" in our language, and the birth of that boy was prophesied by a dream, that's why he was called Álmos.''|[[Mark of Kalt]]: ''[[Chronicon Pictum]]''<ref name="mek.oszk.hu">''Mark of Kalt: Chronicon Pictum'' https://mek.oszk.hu/10600/10642/10642.htm</ref>}}

<gallery>
File:Nagyszentmiklos 26NA.jpg|alt=Illustration on the Treasure of Nagyszentmiklós depicting Álmos legend from the Hungarian mythology: Emese's dream with the Turul bird|Illustration on the [[Treasure of Nagyszentmiklós]] depicting [[High Prince Álmos|Álmos]] legend from the [[Hungarian mythology]]: Dream of [[Emese]] with the Turul bird.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Szabó |first=Géza |date=2021 |title=A nő ábrázolása a Nagyszentmiklósi kincs 2. korsóján - Értelmezési lehetőségek a kaukázusi régészeti és néprajzi párhuzamok, valamint az újabb kutatási eredmények alapján |trans-title=Representation of the woman on the 2nd jar of the Treasure of Nagyszentmiklós - Interpretation possibilities based on the archaeological and ethnographic parallels in the Caucasus, as well as the results of recent research |url=http://real.mtak.hu/140180/1/Szabo_Geza_220216_v4.pdf |journal=A női dimenzió |volume=1 |pages=33–45 |doi=10.55344/andfh.2101033 |s2cid=246985982 |language=Hungarian}}</ref> [[Pannonian Avars|Avar]] gold treasure from the 7-9th century, it was found in 1799 in Nagyszentmiklós, [[Kingdom of Hungary]] (now [[Sânnicolau Mare]], Romania). It locates today at the [[Kunsthistorisches Museum]] in [[Vienna]].
File:Nagyszentmiklos 4.jpg|Similar Turul depiction on another gold item of the [[Treasure of Nagyszentmiklós]]
File:Nagyszentmiklos 6.jpg|Similar Turul depiction on another gold item of the [[Treasure of Nagyszentmiklós]]
File:Anikovskaia-II plate-with-bird-and-woman-Hermitage.jpg|A similar scene on a [[Sasanian Empire|Sassanid]] silver plate from the 7th century; decorated with an eagle carrying a woman, the plate was found in [[Cherdynsky District]] in the Soviet Union in 1934, now in the [[Hermitage Museum]] in [[Saint Petersburg]].
File:Anikovskaia-II plate-with-bird-and-woman.jpg|Close up scene of the [[Sasanian Empire|Sassanid]] silver plate
</gallery>According to the ''[[Gesta Hunnorum et Hungarorum]]'', King [[Attila]] had the Turul bird on his shield and it was the military badge of the Hungarians until the time of Prince [[Géza, Grand Prince of the Hungarians|Géza]].

{{Blockquote|''King Attila's coat of arms, which he used on his own shield, depicted a bird with a crown, which is called "Turul" in Hungarian. This coat of arms was carried by the Hungarians in the wars of the communities as long as the communities governed themselves, until the time of Prince Géza, the son of Taksony.''|[[Simon of Kéza]]: ''[[Gesta Hunnorum et Hungarorum]]''<ref>''Simon of Kéza: Gesta Hunnorum et Hungarorum'' https://mek.oszk.hu/02200/02249/02249.htm</ref>}}{{Blockquote|''King Attila himself was feared by his own subjects because of his innate strictness and gloomy look, but he behaved with a noble spirit towards the peoples subject to him. As a military insignia, a crowned falcon was painted on both his shield and his flag. This military badge was worn by the Huns, namely the Hungarians, until the time of the son of Prince Taksony, Prince Géza. His title was like this: Attila son of Bendegúz, grandson of the great Nimrod who was raised in Engaddi, by the grace of God, King of the Huns, Medes, Goths and Danes, the Fear of the World, the Scourge of God.''|[[Johannes de Thurocz|Johannes Thuróczy]]: ''[[Chronica Hungarorum]]''<ref name="thuroczykronika.atw.hu">''Johannes Thuróczy: Chronica Hungarorum'' http://thuroczykronika.atw.hu/pdf/Thuroczy.pdf</ref>}}
<gallery>
File:Képes krónika - 7.oldal - A hunok bejövetele Pannóniába.jpg|The [[Huns]], considered by the chronicle to be the ancestors of the [[Hungarians]] arrive in [[Pannonia]] from [[Scythia]] at the first time, a Turul flag protruding from the frame of the picture ([[Chronicon Pictum]], 1358)
File:Képes krónika - 9.oldal - Attila csatája Zeiselmauernél a rómaiakkal.jpg|[[Attila|Attila's]] battle with the Romans at Zeiselmauer, a golden flag decorated with a Turul stands out from the picture ([[Chronicon Pictum]], 1358)
File:Chronicon Pictum P014 Atilla Aquileiát ostromolja.JPG|The Huns led by [[Attila]] are [[Sack of Aquileia|besieging]] [[Aquileia]], one [[Huns|Hun]] warrior carries a Turul flag ([[Chronicon Pictum]], 1358)
File:Attila-Turul Képes-krónika.jpg|King [[Attila]], the Turul bird in his shield ([[Chronicon Pictum]], 1358)
File:Képes krónika - 21.oldal - Előd vezér.jpg|[[Előd]], one of the [[Seven chieftains of the Magyars|seven chieftains of the Hungarians]] relies on a Turul shield ([[Chronicon Pictum]], 1358)
File:Képes krónika - 21.oldal - Álmos vezér.jpg|[[Álmos]], Grand Prince of the Hungarians holds a Turul shield in his hand ([[Chronicon Pictum]], 1358)
File:HetVezer-ChroniconPictum.jpg|The [[Seven chieftains of the Magyars|seven chieftains of the Hungarians]], [[Árpád]], Grand Prince of the Hungarians is in the middle with a Turul shield ([[Chronicon Pictum]], 1358)
File:Arpad Kepes Kronika.jpg|[[Árpád]], Grand Prince of the Hungarians stands with a Turul shield ([[Chronicon Pictum]], 1358)
File:Képes krónika - 33.oldal - Taksony fejedelem.jpg|Grand Prince [[Taksony of Hungary|Taksony]], a Turul bird is on his shield ([[Chronicon Pictum]], 1358)
File:Képes krónika - 36.oldal - Apor kapitány.jpg|Captain [[Apor (chieftain)|Apor]], the leader of the Hungarian army wears a Turul bird as a crest on his flag, shield and chest ([[Chronicon Pictum]], 1358)
File:Thuróczy krónika - Attila király.jpg|King [[Attila]], his flag depicts the Turul bird ([[Chronica Hungarorum]], 1488)
File:Attila Rex Hunnorum.jpg|King [[Attila]] of the Huns, his flag depicts the Turul bird ([[Nádasdy Mausoleum]], 1664)
</gallery>