Editing Ultranationalism (section)

==Historical movements and analysis==
[[File:Propaganda_posters_of_Manchukuo.JPG|thumb|right|260px|In 1930s and 1940s era ultranationalist Japan, the state routinely distributed [[Propaganda in Japan during the Second Sino-Japanese War and World War II|political propaganda]] preaching the virtues of domination and expansion, with this photograph showing efforts in [[Manchukuo]].]]

American historian Walter Skya wrote in ''Japan's Holy War: The Ideology of Radical Shinto Ultranationalism'' that ultranationalism in Japan drew upon traditional [[Shinto]] spiritual beliefs and [[militaristic]] attitudes regarding the nation's [[Race (human categorization)|racial identity]]. By the early 20th century, [[fanaticism]] arising from this combination of [[ethnic nationalism]] and [[religious nationalism]] caused opposition to democratic governance and support for Japanese territorial expansion. Skya particularly observed in his work the connection between ultranationalism and political violence by citing how between 1921 and 1936 three serving and two former [[List of Prime Ministers of Japan|Prime Ministers of Japan]] were assassinated. The totalitarian Japanese government of the 1930s and 1940s ([[Statism in Shōwa Japan|Shōwa Japan]]) did not just rely on encouragement by the country's military. It additionally received widespread popular support.<ref name="Holy">{{cite book|title=Japan's Holy War: The Ideology of Radical Shinto Ultranationalism|publisher=[[Duke University Press]]|date=2009|isbn=9780822392460|first=Walter|last=Skya}}</ref>

Cambodian historian Sambo Manara found that the belief system sets forth a vision of [[supremacism]] in terms of [[international relations]] whereby xenophobia or hatred of foreigners to the point of extremism leads to policies of social separation and segregation. He argued that the [[Cambodian genocide]] is a specific example of this ideology when it is applied in practice. He stated, "Obviously, it was ultranationalism, combined with the notion of [[class struggle]] in communism and a group of politicians, which lead to the establishment of Democratic Kampuchea, a ruthless regime which claimed approximately three million lives", with militant leaders finally deciding to "cut all diplomatic and economic ties with almost all countries" due to a "narrow-minded doctrine without taking into account all the losses they would face". In Manara's opinion, "this effectively destroyed the nation."<ref name="Khmer">{{cite news|url=https://www.khmertimeskh.com/501134064/ultranationalism-destroyed-good-ties-between-nations/|title=Ultranationalism destroyed good ties between nations|accessdate=30 December 2022|date=18 August 2022|journal=[[Khmer Times]]}}</ref>

The totalitarian dictatorship of the Romanian leader [[Nicolae Ceaușescu]] has been described as an example of [[Communist state|Communism]] taking an ultranationalist approach by ''[[Haaretz]]'', which cited the [[antisemitism]] of Ceaușescu in terms of actions such as his [[historical denialism]] of [[the Holocaust]]. He also made efforts to [[purge]] Romanians who had Jewish backgrounds from positions of political authority.<ref name=Zoltan>{{cite news|url=https://www.haaretz.com/opinion/2022-08-16/ty-article-opinion/.premium/orbans-unsettling-similarity-to-romanias-deposed-executed-dictator/00000182-a64f-d803-a7f6-fe7f94320000|title=Viktor Orbán's Unsettling Similarity to Romania's Deposed, Executed Dictator|journal=[[Haaretz]]|first=Zoltán|last=Tibori-Szabó|accessdate=18 August 2022|date=16 August 2022}}</ref> ''Haaretz'' has also labeled the Hungarian Prime Minister [[Viktor Orbán]] an ultranationalist due to his views on autocratic rule and racial identity, particularly Orbán's public condemnation of "[[Miscegenation|race-mixing]]".<ref name="Zoltan" /> He has also been called an ultranationalist by [[NPR]], an American news agency, citing his opposition to democratic liberalism.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/2021/12/04/1058834216/a-discomfort-with-western-liberalism-is-growing-in-eastern-europe|title=A discomfort with Western liberalism is growing in Eastern Europe|publisher=[[NPR]]|first=Joanna|last=Kakissis|date=4 December 2021|accessdate=24 August 2022}}</ref>

In late 2015, the Israeli political journalist [[Gideon Levy]] wrote that the [[Israeli–Palestinian conflict]] has led to the decay of the civil society within Israel, with an ultranationalist movement that "bases its power on incitement to hatred" using "folkloric religion" gaining ground over decades. He wrote:
{{blockquote|"They were the only ones willing to fight for a collective goal. They did not rule out any means. They extorted and exploited the weaknesses of government, the guilt feelings and confusion of the secular camp, and they won. They did so systematically and smartly: First they established the foundation of their existence, the settlement enterprise. After they achieved their goal – the killing off of any diplomatic agreement and destruction of the two-state solution – they were free to turn to their next target: taking control of the public debate in Israel on the road to changing its power structure, character and substance."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.haaretz.com/opinion/.premium-religious-zionists-have-won-israel-1.5381210|title=Religious Ultranationalist Zionists Have Taken Over Israel|date=25 December 2015|first=Gideon|last=Levy|accessdate=18 May 2022|work=[[Haaretz]]|authorlink=Gideon Levy}}</ref>}}

[[File:Meir_Kahane,_seated_(3x4_cropped).jpg|thumb|right|[[Meir Kahane]], founder and leader of the ultranationalist [[Kach]] movement in Israel.]]

[[Russian irredentism]], in which a militant imperial state that stretches across both Asia and Europe without regard for current international borders is proposed, has been described as ultranationalism by the ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'', with the aggressive actions of Russian President [[Vladimir Putin]] being credited as an evolution of political arguments made by multiple figures in the past. Examples include [[Nikolai Berdyaev]], [[Aleksandr Dugin]] (the author of 1997's ''[[The Foundations of Geopolitics: The Geopolitical Future of Russia]]''), [[Lev Gumilyov]], and [[Ivan Ilyin]]. The newspaper highlighted the justifications given in support of the [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine]], quoting Putin's declaration that he must militarily combat an "empire of lies", created by the United States in order to justify its desire to suffocate Russia.<ref>{{cite news|first=Jaweed|last=Kaleem|date=28 March 2022|accessdate=16 June 2022|url=https://www.latimes.com/world-nation/story/2022-03-28/putin-ultranationalism-ideology-russia-ukraine|title=A Russian empire 'from Dublin to Vladivostok'? The roots of Putin's ultranationalism|journal=[[The Los Angeles Times]]}}</ref>

In a 2021 story, [[Bloomberg News]] stated that the rise of ultranationalist viewpoints in China, particularly in terms of those who advocate extremism on social media, presents a direct challenge to the current government of the nation, with the paramount leader [[Xi Jinping]] facing opposition to his attempts to set forth [[climate change]]-based economic reforms in relation to [[greenhouse gas]]es. According to Bloomberg, Chinese political activists asserted a [[conspiracy theory]] that said that the reforms represent some kind of capitulation to foreign interests at the expense of individual Chinese people. [[Environmentalist]] policies have come into being in a complex fashion inside China, facing complicated opinions among many.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-11-29/china-s-rising-ultra-nationalism-complicates-xi-s-climate-ambitions|journal=[[Bloomberg News]]|accessdate=24 August 2022|title=China's Rising Ultra-Nationalism Complicates Xi's Climate Ambitions|date=29 November 2021}}</ref>

Under the rule of [[Mohammed bin Salman]], who formally serves as a [[Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia|Crown Prince]], Saudi Arabia has been described by multiple analysts as embracing ultranationalism in a shift away from the government's previous reliance on [[Islamist]] political arguments.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Son King: Reform and Repression in Saudi Arabia|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2021|chapter=The New Populist Nationalism|first=Madawi|last=al-Rasheed|pages=139–182}}</ref><ref name=FT>{{cite news|work=[[Financial Times]]|title=Nationalism on the rise as Saudi Arabia seeks sense of identity|url=https://www.ft.com/content/31845386-6cb9-11e9-80c7-60ee53e6681d|quote=The attacks on the 10-second video, which was posted on Snapchat, were the latest example of a wave of ultranationalism that has swept across the kingdom in the three years since Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman consolidated his power.|date=7 May 2019|accessdate=23 February 2024}}</ref><ref name=France>{{cite news|work=[[France 24]]|title=Glittery party spotlights Saudi era of 'extreme openness'|accessdate=23 February 2024|date=24 December 2019|url=https://www.france24.com/en/20191224-glittery-party-spotlights-saudi-era-of-extreme-openness}}</ref> For instance, [[France 24]] stated in a 2019 report that while "promoting ultra-nationalism" the Crown Prince had introduced "glitzy concerts, magic shows and sporting extravaganzas with thumping after parties".<ref name=France/> Also in 2019, the ''[[Financial Times]]'' likewise described the ideological shift as "a wave" that the leader had "swept across the kingdom".<ref name=FT/>