Editing VR6 engine (section)

== Volkswagen engines ==
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The Volkswagen VR6 engine was designed for [[transverse engine]] installations in [[front-wheel drive]] vehicles.<ref>{{cite web |title=VW's V5 and VR6 engines |url=https://www.heritagepartscentre.com/uk/ |website=heritagepartscentre.com/uk/ |access-date=19 November 2019 |date=3 August 2017}}</ref> The narrow angle of 15° between the two [[cylinder bank]]s reduced the width of the engine, compared to a traditional V6 engine. Therefore, the VR6 engine is easier to fit within an engine bay that was originally designed for a [[four-cylinder engine]].{{citation needed|reason=A V6 is shorter than I4, so that would be easier to fit as well, would it not?|date=November 2022}}

=== 12-valve versions ===
Early VR6 engines had two valves per cylinder (for a total of twelve valves) and used one camshaft for the intake and exhaust valves of each cylinder bank (without the use of rockers).

The first Volkswagen VR6 engine uses the [[List of discontinued Volkswagen Group petrol engines#2.8 VR6 103-130kW|AAA version]]. It had a bore of {{convert|81.0|mm|in|2|abbr=on}} and a stroke of {{convert|90.3|mm|in|2}}, for a total [[Engine displacement|displacement]] of {{convert|2.8|L|cuin|0|abbr=on}}. In 1994, a {{convert|2.9|L|cuin|0|abbr=on}} [[List of discontinued Volkswagen Group petrol engines#2.9 VR6 140kW|ABV version]] was introduced in some European countries, with an increased bore of {{convert|82.0|mm|in|2|abbr=on}}.

The V angle between the cylinder banks is 15°, and the [[compression ratio]] is 10:1.<ref name=clemens>{{cite book|last1=Clemens|first1=Kevin|title=VW GTI, Golf, Jetta, MK III & IV|date=15 October 2006|publisher=Motorbooks International|location=St. Paul, MN|isbn=0-7603-2595-2|page=22}}</ref> The [[crankshaft]] runs in seven main bearings and the journals are offset 22° to one another, in order to accommodate the offset cylinder placement.<ref name=perf>{{cite book|last1=Raven|first1=Gregory|last2=Erickson|first2=Chad|title=Water-Cooled VW Performance Handbook: 3rd Edition|date=18 May 2011|publisher=MBI Publishing|isbn=978-1610601993|page=41}}</ref> This also allows the use of a 120° firing interval between cylinders.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Barber|first1=Thomas|title=Horex VR6 motorcycle|url=http://www.motorcycledaily.com/2012/03/the-new-horex-motorcycle-with-vr6-engine-a-technical-analysis/|access-date=23 June 2014|work=Motorcycle Daily}}</ref> The [[firing order]] is: 1, 5, 3, 6, 2, 4.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Schenck|first1=M|title=Automotive Design Engineering|date=1991|publisher=Century Press}}</ref> The centerlines of the cylinders are offset from the centerline of the crankshaft by {{convert|12.5|mm|in|2|abbr=on}}.

The valve sizes are {{convert|39.0|mm|2|abbr=on}} for the intake and {{convert|34.3|mm|2|abbr=on}} for the exhaust. Since the two rows of pistons and cylinders share a single cylinder head and head gasket, the piston crown (or top surface) is tilted. The engine management system is [[Motronic|Bosch Motronic]].

=== 24-valve versions ===
A version with four valves per cylinder (for a total of 24 valves) was introduced in 1999.<ref>{{cite web |title=Volkswagen's VR6 Engine |url=http://www.automobilemag.com/news/volkswagen-vr6-engine/ |website=www.automobilemag.com |date=21 July 2010 |access-date=20 November 2019}}</ref> The 24-valve versions use one camshaft for the intake valves of both banks (using rockers to reach the furthest bank) and the other camshaft for the exhaust valves of both banks (again, through the use of rockers).<ref>{{cite web |title=R32 3.2 VR6 EA390 Engine Specifications |url=https://www.motorreviewer.com/engine.php?engine_id=120 |website=www.motorreviewer.com |access-date=19 November 2019 |language=en}}</ref> This operating principle is more akin to a [[overhead camshaft#Double overhead camshaft|double overhead camshaft]] (DOHC) design, with one camshaft for intake valves, and one for exhaust valves.

=== History ===
The 1922–1976 [[Lancia V4 engine]] and 1922–1939 [[Lancia V8 engine]] were the first narrow angle V engines to be used in a motor vehicle.<ref>{{cite web |title=Part I: V-engines |url=https://www.topspeed.com/cars/engine-s-history-ar11139.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200127174925/https://www.topspeed.com/cars/engine-s-history-ar11139.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=January 27, 2020 |website=TopSpeed.com |date=29 July 2006 |access-date=20 November 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Theme: Engines – Divine Inclination |url=https://driventowrite.com/2014/08/29/lancia-fulvia-v4-engine-profile-2/ |website=www.driventowrite.com |access-date=20 November 2019 |date=29 August 2014}}</ref>

The first versions of the VR6 engine were introduced in the 1991 [[Volkswagen Passat B3]] sedan and [[Volkswagen Corrado]] coupe.<ref>{{cite web |title=VW's new 496bhp 3.0-litre VR6 engine |url=https://www.autocar.co.uk/car-news/scoop/vws-new-496bhp-30-litre-vr6-engine |website=www.autocar.co.uk |access-date=20 November 2019}}</ref> A {{convert|2.8|L|cuin|0|abbr=on}} [[List of discontinued Volkswagen Group petrol engines#2.8 VR6 103-130kW|AAA version]] producing {{convert|128|kW|hp|0|abbr=on}} was used in most Passat models and in the North American version of the Corrado. A {{convert|2.9|L|cuin|0|abbr=on}} [[List of discontinued Volkswagen Group petrol engines#2.9 VR6 140kW|ABV version]] producing {{convert|140|kW|hp|0|abbr=on}} was used in the ''Passat Syncro'' model and the European version of the Corrado. Both versions used two valves per cylinder. Usage of the VR6 engine spread to the [[Volkswagen Golf Mk3]] ''2.8 VR6'' and [[Volkswagen Vento (A3)|Volkswagen Vento/Jetta (A3)]], ''2.8 VR6'' models in 1992, and high specification versions of the [[Volkswagen Sharan|Sharan]]/[[Ford Galaxy|Galaxy]]/[[SEAT Alhambra|Alhambra]] MPVs. The 2.8 litre version was also used in the 1996–2003 [[Mercedes-Benz Vito#First generation (W638; 1996–2003)|Mercedes-Benz Vito (W638)]] commercial vans, where it was designated ''M104.900''.

In 1997, the [[VR5 engine]] was introduced, based on the VR6 engine.

An [[List of discontinued Volkswagen Group petrol engines#2.8 VR6 24v 147-150kW|AQP/AUE version]] with four valves per cylinder was introduced in 2000. This {{convert|2.8|L|cuin|0|abbr=on}} engine produced {{convert|150|kW|hp|0|abbr=on}}, and mostly replaced the two-valve engines, except for in North America where an updated version of the two-valve engine was used in the Golf and Jetta from 2000 to 2002.

A {{convert|3.2|L|cuin|0|abbr=on}} [[List of Volkswagen Group petrol engines#3.2 VR6 24v (EA390)|EA390 version]] of the 4 valve engine was introduced in the 2001 [[Volkswagen New Beetle]] ''RSi'' model. Versions of this 3.2 litre engine were also used in the 2002–2004 [[Volkswagen Golf Mk4]] ''R32'' model, the 2003-2010 [[Audi TT]] ''3.2 VR6 quattro'' models and the 2003-2009 [[Audi A3 8P]] ''3.2 VR6 Quattro''(US Models). Peak power output was {{convert|165|kW|hp|0|abbr=on}} in the New Beetle (engine code AXJ), {{convert|177|kW|hp|0|abbr=on}} in the New Beetle and Golf (engine code BFH/BJS), and {{convert|184|kW|hp|0|abbr=on}} in the Audi TT(engine code BHE) and Audi A3 8P(engine code BDB / BMJ / BUB).

The engine size was again increased in 2005, when a {{convert|3.6|L|cuin|0|abbr=on}} version with [[gasoline direct injection]] (FSI) was introduced in the [[Volkswagen Passat (B6)]]. This [[list of Volkswagen Group petrol engines#3.6 VR6 FSI 206kW|BLV version]] uses a narrower 10.6&nbsp;degree angle between the cylinder banks and produces {{convert|206|kW|hp|0|abbr=on}}. A {{convert|3.2|L|cuin|0|abbr=on}} [[list of Volkswagen Group petrol engines#3.2 VR6 FSI 184kW|AXZ version]] producing {{convert|184|kW|hp|0|abbr=on}} was introduced in 2006.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Passat (sales brochure){{dash}}3.2 FSI VR6|url=http://cdn.volkswagen.co.uk/assets/common/pdf/brochures/passat-saloon-brochure.pdf|work=Volkswagen Group United Kingdom Limited|publisher=Volkswagen.co.uk|pages=14, 18, 24|date=1 December 2008|access-date=31 July 2009}}</ref> In 2008, an uprated ''BWS'' version of the 3.6 litre engine producing {{convert|220|kW|hp|0|abbr=on}} was introduced in the [[Volkswagen Passat (B6)]] ''R36'' model.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Passat (sales brochure){{dash}}3.6 FSI VR6|url=http://cdn.volkswagen.co.uk/assets/common/pdf/brochures/passat-saloon-brochure.pdf|work=Volkswagen Group United Kingdom Limited|publisher=Volkswagen.co.uk|pages=11, 12, 14, 19, 24|date=1 December 2008|access-date=31 July 2009}}</ref>

The base model [[Porsche Cayenne#First generation (E1 9PA; 2002)|Porsche Cayenne (9PA)]] used 3.2-liter VR6 engine from 2003 to 2006 and then a 3.6-litre VR6 engine from 2008 to 2010. Then the next generation [[Porsche Cayenne#Second generation (E2 92A; 2010)|Porsche Cayenne (92A)]] also used a 3.6-litre VR6 engine from 2010 to 2018.

Volkswagen had started to phase out VR engines in favour of downsized turbocharged four cylinder engines. In 2017, the VR6 engines made an unexpected comeback, with versions of the 24-valve VR6 engines being produced for the [[Volkswagen Atlas]]. Volkswagen also made a new VR6 (still EA390) for the Chinese market only, its 2.5-litre turbocharged 24-valve VR6 producing {{convert|220|kW|hp|0|abbr=on}} and 500&nbsp;N⋅m of torque, for the [[Volkswagen Teramont]] SUV and [[Volkswagen Talagon]] MPV.