Editing Vampire squid (section)

==Discovery==
The vampire squid was discovered during the Valdivia Expedition (1898–1899), led by Carl Chun. Chun was a zoologist who was inspired by the [[Challenger Expedition]], and wanted to verify that life does indeed exist below {{convert|300|fathom|m|abbr=off|sp=us}}.<ref>{{cite web |date=2020-06-04 |title=The Valdivia Expedition: Carl Chun's diving into the deep sea |url=https://www.sensesatlas.com/illustration/the-valdivia-expedition-carl-chuns-diving-into-the-deep-see/ |access-date=2020-10-29 |website=Senses Atlas |language=en-US}}</ref> Chun later classified the vampire squid into its family, [[Vampyroteuthidae]].<ref name=":2"/> This expedition was funded by the German society ''[[Gesellschaft Deutscher Naturforscher und Ärzte]]'', a group of German scientists who believed there was life at depths greater than 550&nbsp;meters, contrary to the [[Azoic hypothesis|Abyssus theory]]. {{SS|Valdivia|1886|2}} was fitted with equipment for the collection of deep-sea organisms, as well as laboratories and specimen jars, in order to analyze and preserve what was caught. The voyage began in Hamburg, Germany, followed by Edinburgh, and then traced around the west coast of Africa. After navigating around the southern point of Africa, the expedition studied deep areas of the Indian and Antarctic Ocean.<ref>{{cite journal |date=1898 |title=The German Deep-Sea Expedition |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1774523 |journal=[[The Geographical Journal]] |volume=12 |issue=5 |pages=494–496 |doi=10.2307/1774523 |jstor=1774523 |bibcode=1898GeogJ..12..494. |issn=0016-7398|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Researchers had not before discovered any species from this family that could be traced back to the Cenozoic. This suggests two ideas which are: a notable preservation bias called the [[Lazarus taxon|Lazarus effect]] may exist; or an inaccurate determination of when vampire squids originally settled in the deep oceans. The Lazarus effect may result from the scarcity of post-Cretaceous research regions or from the reduced abundance and distribution of vampire squids. In any case, even while the search regions remain the same, it is more difficult to locate and analyze them.<ref>{{ Cite journal| title= Fossil evidence for vampire squid inhabiting oxygen-depleted ocean zones since at least the Oligocene | first1= Martin |last1=Košťák |first2=Ján |last2=Schlögl |first3=Dirk |last3=Fuchs |first4=Katarína |last4=Holcová |first5=Natalia |last5=Hudáčková |first6=Adam |last6=Culka |first7=István |last7=Fözy |first8=Adam |last8=Tomašových |first9=Rastislav |last9=Milovský |first10=Juraj |last10=Šurka |first11=Martin |last11=Mazuch1| journal=Communications Biology |date=February 18, 2021 | volume= 4 | issue= 1 | page= 216 |doi=10.1038/s42003-021-01714-0 |pmc=7893013 |pmid=33603225 }}</ref><ref name=":0"/>