Editing Video camera (section)

==History==
The earliest video cameras were based on the mechanical [[Nipkow disk]] and used in experimental broadcasts through the 1910s–1930s. All-electronic designs based on the [[video camera tube]], such as [[Vladimir Zworykin]]'s [[Iconoscope]] and [[Philo Farnsworth]]'s [[image dissector]], supplanted the Nipkow system by the 1930s. These remained in wide use until the 1980s, when cameras based on solid-state [[image sensors]] such as the [[charge-coupled device]] (CCD) and later [[CMOS]] [[active-pixel sensor]] (CMOS sensor) eliminated common problems with tube technologies such as [[Screen burn-in|image burn-in]] and streaking and made [[digital video]] [[workflow]] practical, since the output of the sensor is digital so it does not need conversion from analog.

The basis for [[solid-state electronics|solid-state]] image sensors is [[metal–oxide–semiconductor]] (MOS) technology,<ref name="Williams">{{cite book |last1=Williams |first1=J. B. |title=The Electronics Revolution: Inventing the Future |date=2017 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-319-49088-5 |pages=245–8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v4QlDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA245}}</ref> which originates from the invention of the [[MOSFET]] (MOS field-effect transistor) at [[Bell Labs]] in 1959.<ref name="computerhistory">{{cite journal|url=https://www.computerhistory.org/siliconengine/metal-oxide-semiconductor-mos-transistor-demonstrated/|title=1960: Metal Oxide Semiconductor (MOS) Transistor Demonstrated|journal=The Silicon Engine|publisher=[[Computer History Museum]] |access-date=August 31, 2019}}</ref> This led to the development of [[semiconductor]] image sensors, including the CCD and later the CMOS [[active-pixel sensor]].<ref name="Williams"/> The first semiconductor image sensor was the charge-coupled device, invented at Bell Labs in 1969,<ref>{{Cite book | title = Scientific charge-coupled devices | author = James R. Janesick | publisher = SPIE Press | year = 2001 | isbn = 978-0-8194-3698-6 | pages = 3–4 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=3GyE4SWytn4C&pg=PA3 }}</ref> based on [[MOS capacitor]] technology.<ref name="Williams"/> The [[NMOS logic|NMOS]] active-pixel sensor was later invented at [[Olympus Corporation|Olympus]] in 1985,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Matsumoto |first1=Kazuya |last2=Nakamura |first2=Tsutomu |last3=Yusa |first3=Atsushi |last4=Nagai |first4=Shohei |display-authors=1|date=1985 |title=A new MOS phototransistor operating in a non-destructive readout mode |journal=Japanese Journal of Applied Physics |volume=24 |issue=5A |page=L323|doi=10.1143/JJAP.24.L323 |bibcode=1985JaJAP..24L.323M |s2cid=108450116 }}</ref><ref name=fossum93>{{cite journal |last1=Fossum |first1=Eric R. |author1-link=Eric Fossum |title=Active pixel sensors: are CCDs dinosaurs? |journal=SPIE Proceedings Vol. 1900: Charge-Coupled Devices and Solid State Optical Sensors III |series=Charge-Coupled Devices and Solid State Optical Sensors III |volume=1900 |date=12 July 1993 |doi=10.1117/12.148585 |bibcode=1993SPIE.1900....2F |citeseerx=10.1.1.408.6558 |publisher=International Society for Optics and Photonics |pages=2–14 |s2cid=10556755 |editor1-last=Blouke |editor1-first=Morley M.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Fossum |first1=Eric R. |author1-link=Eric Fossum |title=Active Pixel Sensors |website=[[Semantic Scholar]] |year=2007 |s2cid=18831792 |url=http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/f510/d40cfe0556392bb2d34981f7158327dec169.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190309065505/http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/f510/d40cfe0556392bb2d34981f7158327dec169.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 March 2019 |access-date=8 October 2019}}</ref> which led to the development of the CMOS active-pixel sensor at [[NASA]]'s [[Jet Propulsion Laboratory]] in 1993.<ref name="Fossum2014">{{cite journal |last1=Fossum |first1=Eric R. |author1-link=Eric Fossum |last2=Hondongwa |first2=D. B. |title=A Review of the Pinned Photodiode for CCD and CMOS Image Sensors |journal=IEEE Journal of the Electron Devices Society |date=2014 |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=33–43 |doi=10.1109/JEDS.2014.2306412 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name=fossum93/>

Practical digital video cameras were also enabled by advances in [[video compression]], due to the impractically high [[computer memory|memory]] and [[bandwidth (computing)|bandwidth]] requirements of [[uncompressed video]].<ref name="Belmudez">{{cite book |last1=Belmudez |first1=Benjamin |title=Audiovisual Quality Assessment and Prediction for Videotelephony |date=2014 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-319-14166-4 |pages=11–13 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ULTzBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA13}}</ref> The most important compression algorithm in this regard is the [[discrete cosine transform]] (DCT),<ref name="Belmudez"/><ref name="Huang">{{cite book |last1=Huang |first1=Hsiang-Cheh |last2=Fang |first2=Wai-Chi |title=Intelligent Multimedia Data Hiding: New Directions |date=2007 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-540-71169-8 |page=41 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=67W5BQAAQBAJ&pg=PA41}}</ref> a [[lossy compression]] technique that was first proposed in 1972.<ref name="Ahmed">{{cite journal |last=Ahmed |first=Nasir |author-link=N. Ahmed |title=How I Came Up With the Discrete Cosine Transform |journal=[[Digital Signal Processing (journal)|Digital Signal Processing]] |date=January 1991 |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=4–5 |doi=10.1016/1051-2004(91)90086-Z |url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/52879771/DCT-History-How-I-Came-Up-with-the-Discrete-Cosine-Transform|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Practical digital video cameras were enabled by DCT-based video compression standards, including the [[H.26x]] and [[MPEG]] [[video coding standards]] introduced from 1988 onwards.<ref name="Huang"/>

The transition to [[digital television]] gave a boost to digital video cameras. By the early 21st century, most video cameras were [[digital cameras]].

With the advent of digital video capture, the distinction between professional video cameras and movie cameras has disappeared as the intermittent mechanism has become the same. Nowadays, mid-range cameras exclusively used for television and other work (except movies) are termed professional video cameras.