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Editing
Video editing
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==Background== [[File:Risto-Jarva-1970s.jpg|thumb|Video editing table]] Video editing is one of the most crucial steps of the [[post-production]] process. The process combines all motion [[video production]] footage, [[special effect]]s and sound recordings to create a compelling visual story. Before editing film, makers would require the camera to be stationary, with the action being distant from the camera. The video was captured with single shots strung together without regard for continuity, screen direction, lighting, emotional consideration, etc.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chapter 1 The Silent Period - The Technique of Film and Video Editing, 5th Edition [Book] |url=https://www.oreilly.com/library/view/the-technique-of/9780240813974/018_9781136052651_chapter1.html |access-date=2023-10-27 |website=www.oreilly.com |language=en}}</ref> Using video footage, a director can communicate non-fictional and fictional events. The goal of editing is to combine video and sound to communicate to the audience and allow them to feel emotionally connected to the story. It is a visual art.<ref>{{cite web |date=1 March 2012 |title=The Art Of Film And Video Editing Part-1 « Video University |url=http://www.videouniversity.com/articles/the-art-of-film-and-video-editing-part-1/ |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120301084719/http://www.videouniversity.com/articles/the-art-of-film-and-video-editing-part-1/ |archive-date=1 March 2012 |access-date=17 October 2017}}</ref> Motion picture [[film editing]] is a predecessor to video editing and, in several ways, video editing simulates motion picture film editing. Video editing was first introduced with the use of [[linear video editing]], which was performed before digital software. Followed by [[video editing software]] on [[non-linear editing system]]s (NLE). === Linear editing === The first type of editing in the early 1900s was made with scissors, tape, and an editing table. Since editors could not view their edits while in the process, holding the film to the light was their only way of viewing their work. With the invention of the Moviola in the 1920s, a machine that allowed editors to see the film and make precise edits to deliver a better film.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2019-12-30 |title=Evolution of Video Editing |url=https://www.skillmanvideogroup.com/evolution-of-video-editing/ |access-date=2023-10-27 |website=www.skillmanvideogroup.com |language=en-US}}</ref> this process was used for about fifty years and helped advance video editing. In the 1950s, [[video tape recorder]]s (VTR) were invented and it was a defining element in the advancement of video editing. The VTR was the first device to use magnetic tape and was a revolutionary addition to video editing but had major drawbacks; the quality degradation caused by copying was so great, that a [[Quadruplex videotape|2-inch Quadruplex videotape]] was edited by visualizing the recorded track with [[ferrofluid]], cutting it with a [[razor|razor blade]] or [[guillotine]] cutter, and splicing with [[video tape]]. The two pieces of tape to be joined were painted with a solution of extremely fine iron filings suspended in [[carbon tetrachloride]], a toxic and carcinogenic compound. This "developed" the magnetic tracks (tape), making them visible when viewed through a [[microscope]] so that they could be aligned in a splicer designed for this task. The process allowed editors to play back their video but only at one speed and to mark the point of cut an editor had to be very precise. This process was used up until the late 1970s and early 1980s but the evolution of video editing continued. By the 1960s the EECO 900 was invented as well as the Ampex EDITEC which allowed for electronic editing and electronic editing controller.{{citation needed|date=October 2023}} [[File:Mesa_de_vídeo_1.JPG|left|thumb|Vision mixer]] Improvements in quality and economy, and the invention of the [[Videocassette recorder#Flying erase heads|flying erase-head]], allowed new video and audio material to be recorded over the material already present on an existing [[magnetic tape]]. This was introduced into the [[linear editing]] technique. If a scene closer to the beginning of the video tape needed to be changed in length, all later scenes would need to be recorded onto the video tape again in [[sequence]]. In addition, sources could be played back simultaneously through a [[vision mixer]] (video switcher) to create more complex transitions between scenes. A popular 1970-80s system for creating these transitions was the U-matic equipment (named for the U-shaped tape path). That system used two tape players and one tape recorder, and edits were done by automatically having the machines back up, then speed up together simultaneously, so that the edit didn't roll or glitch. Later, in the 1980-90's came the smaller beta equipment (named for the B-shaped tape path), and more complex controllers, some of which did the synchronizing electronically. === Non-linear editing === [[Non-linear editing]] (NLE) was first introduced in the 1970s with the CMX 600, which allowed editors to modify and edit the pieces of footage to be moved and placed in an alternate timeline and preserving the original footage, the ability to work on any segment in the video in any order.<ref name=":1" /> In 1984, the invention of the Editdroid created by LucasFilm allowed editors a computerized editing system that stored large quantities of high definition footage.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lucasfilm Originals: The EditDroid • Lucasfilm |url=https://www.lucasfilm.com/news/lucasfilm-originals-the-editdroid/ |access-date=2023-10-27 |website=Lucasfilm |language=en-US}}</ref> [[File:Sony BVE-600 UMatic edit controller (44714270850).jpg|thumb|Video editing controller Sony BVE-600 for the analog [[U-Matic]] system, 1980s ]]There was a transitional analog period using multiple source [[videocassette recorder]]s (VCR) with the [[Montage Picture Processor]]<ref>American Cinemeditor Fall-88 Vol.38 #3 pg. Nine http://americancinemaeditors.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/ce88fall88.pdf</ref> and [[Ediflex]],<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sontag |first=Sherry |date=1986-10-19 |title=FILM EDITING GOES ELECTRONIC |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/10/19/business/film-editing-goes-electronic.html |access-date=2022-09-09 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> or [[EditDroid]] using [[LaserDisc]] players, but modern NLE systems edit video digitally captured onto a [[Hard disk drive|hard drive]] from an [[analog video]] or [[digital video]] source. Content is ingested and recorded natively with the appropriate [[codec]] that the video editing software uses to process captured footage. With [[high-definition video]] becoming more popular and it can be readily edited using the same video editing software along with related [[motion graphics]] programs. In the late 1980s and early 1990s at home NLE software became more apparent on home computers using software such as Avid Media Composer and Adobe Premiere. The [[video clips]] are arranged on a timeline, music tracks, titles, [[digital on-screen graphic]]s are added, [[special effect]]s can be created, and the finished program is "[[rendering (computer graphics)|rendered]]" into a finished video. The video may then be distributed in a variety of ways including [[DVD]], [[Streaming media|web streaming]], [[QuickTime]] Movies, iPod, [[CD-ROM]], or video tape. By the 2000s, NLE had become accessible to everyone, with advanced of central processing units (CPUs) on personal computers giving the ability to edit at home with higher resolutions.
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