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Virchow's triad
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==History== The origin of the term "Virchow's Triad" is of historical interest, and has been subject to reinterpretation in recent years.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Dickson, B.C. |title=Venous thrombosis: on the history of Virchow's triad |journal=University of Toronto Medical Journal |year=2004 |volume=81 |pages=166–171 |url=http://utmj.org/archive/81-3/HIST.pdf |access-date=2012-05-09 |archive-date=2016-03-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305060746/http://utmj.org/archive/81-3/HIST.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> While both Virchow's and the modern triads describe [[thrombosis]], the previous triad has been characterized as "the consequences of thrombosis", and the modern triad as "the causes of thrombosis".<ref name="urlResponse: further reflections on Virchows Triad. - Free Online Library">{{cite web |url=http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Response%3a+further+reflections+on+Virchow%27s+Triad.(Letter+to+the...-a0128075136 |title=Response: further reflections on Virchow's Triad. |via= Free Online Library |access-date=2009-02-10 |archive-date=2016-03-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303182629/http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Response%3A+further+reflections+on+Virchow%27s+Triad.%28Letter+to+the...-a0128075136 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Rudolf Virchow elucidated the etiology of [[pulmonary embolism]], whereby [[thrombi]] occurring within the [[veins]], particularly those of the extremities, become dislodged and migrate to the pulmonary vasculature. He published his description in 1856.<ref>{{cite book |author=Virchow, R. |title=Gesammelte Abhandlungen zur wissenschaftlichen Medicin |url=https://archive.org/details/b20419089 |location= Frankfurt am Main |publisher=Von Meidinger & Sohn |year=1856 |chapter=Thrombose und Embolie. Gefässentzündung und septische Infektion |pages=[https://archive.org/details/b20419089/page/219 219]–226 |language=de}}{{cite book |vauthors=Matzdorff AC, Bell WR |title=Thrombosis and embolie (1846–1856) |location=Canton, Massachusetts |publisher=Science History Publications |year=1998 |isbn=0-88135-113-X}}</ref> In detailing the [[pathophysiology]] surrounding pulmonary embolism, he alluded to many of the factors known to contribute to venous thrombosis. While these factors had already been previously established in the medical literature by others,<ref name="urlVirchows triad? - Free Online Library">{{cite web |url=http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Virchow%27s+triad%3F-a0123332713 |title=Virchow's triad? |via=Free Online Library |access-date=2009-02-10 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304100549/http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Virchow%27s+triad%3F-a0123332713 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>Wiseman R. ''Several Chirurgical Treatises''. (2nd ed.) London, Norton and Macock, 1686, pp. 64–66.</ref> for unclear reasons they ultimately became known as Virchow's triad. This [[eponym]] did not emerge in the literature until long after Virchow's death. One estimate of the first use of the phrase dates it to the early 1950s.<ref name="isbn1-4020-6649-X" /> Although the concept of the triad is usually attributed to Virchow, he did not include endothelial injury in his description.<ref>{{WhoNamedIt|synd|1223}}</ref> This has been attributed to a dispute Virchow had with [[Jean Cruveilhier]], who considered local trauma of primary importance in the development of pulmonary artery thrombosis.<ref name="urlVirchows triad revisited. - Free Online Library">{{cite web |url=http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Virchow%27s+triad+revisited.(Letters+to+the+Editor)(Letter+to+the...-a0114134751 |title=Virchow's triad revisited. |via=Free Online Library |access-date=2009-02-10 |archive-date=2016-03-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303230758/http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Virchow%27s+triad+revisited.%28Letters+to+the+Editor%29%28Letter+to+the...-a0114134751 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>Aschoff L. ''Thrombosis, in Lectures on Pathology''. New York, Paul B. Hoeber, Inc., 1924, pp 253–278.</ref>
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