Editing Vivisection (section)

=== Regulations and laws ===
{{Animal rights sidebar}}
Research requiring vivisection techniques that cannot be met through other means is often subject to an external [[ethics]] review in conception and implementation, and in many jurisdictions use of [[anesthesia]] is legally mandated for any surgery likely to cause [[pain]] to any [[vertebrate]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.nap.edu/read/5140/chapter/1|title=Read "Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals" at NAP.edu|year=1996|doi=10.17226/5140|pmid=25121211|isbn=978-0-309-05377-8|via=www.nap.edu|author1=National Research Council (US) Institute for Laboratory Animal Research|hdl=2027/mdp.39015012532662|access-date=2019-05-15|archive-date=2017-09-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910172812/https://www.nap.edu/read/5140/chapter/1|url-status=live}}</ref>

In the United States, the [[Animal Welfare Act of 1966|Animal Welfare Act]] explicitly requires that any procedure that may cause pain use "tranquilizers, analgesics, and anesthetics" with exceptions when "scientifically necessary".<ref>{{uscsub|7|2145|a|3|c|v}}</ref> The act does not define "scientific necessity" or regulate specific scientific procedures,<ref>{{cite web |title=US Code, Title 7: CHAPTER 54—TRANSPORTATION, SALE, AND HANDLING OF CERTAIN ANIMALS |url=http://www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_welfare/downloads/awa/awa.pdf |url-status=live |access-date=2019-05-15 |website=www.aphis.usda.gov |archive-date=2009-07-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090723200803/http://www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_welfare/downloads/awa/awa.pdf }}</ref> but approval or rejection of individual techniques in each federally funded lab is determined on a case-by-case basis by the [[Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee]], which contains at least one veterinarian, one scientist, one non-scientist, and one other individual from outside the university.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aalas.org/iacuc|title=American Association for Laboratory Animal Science|website=AALAS|access-date=2019-05-15|archive-date=2022-04-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220402171731/https://www.aalas.org/iacuc|url-status=live}}</ref>

In the United Kingdom, any experiment involving vivisection must be licensed by the [[Home Secretary]]. The [[Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986]] "expressly directs that, in determining whether to grant a licence for an experimental project, 'the Secretary of State shall weigh the likely adverse effects on the animals concerned against the benefit likely to accrue.{{'"}}<ref>Balls, M., Goldberg, A. M., Fentem, J. H., Broadhead, C. L., Burch, R. L., Festing, M. F., ... & Van Zutphen, B. F. (1995). [https://www.wellbeingintlstudiesrepository.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1057&context=acwp_arte The three Rs: the way forward: the report and recommendations of ECVAM Workshop 11]. Alternatives to laboratory animals: ATLA, 23(6), 838. </ref>

In [[Australia]], the Code of Practice "requires that all experiments must be approved by an Animal Experimentation Ethics Committee" that includes a "person with an interest in animal welfare who is not employed by the institution conducting the experiment, and an additional independent person not involved in animal experimentation."<ref>[[Peter Singer|Singer, Peter]]. ''[[Animal Liberation (book)|Animal Liberation]].'' Avon: New York, 1990, p. 77</ref>