Editing Volos (section)

==History==

===Antiquity===
{{Further|Ancient Greece|Hellenistic Greece}}
[[File:Volanakis Constantine epistrofi argonauton.jpeg|thumb|240px|''The return of the Argonauts'' by [[Konstantinos Volanakis|Constantine Volanakis]] (1837–1907).]]

Modern Volos is built on the area of the ancient cities of [[Demetrias]], [[Pagasae]] and [[Iolcos]]. Demetrias was established in 293 BC by [[Demetrius Poliorcetes]], King of [[Macedonia (ancient kingdom)|Macedon]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Helly |first=Bruno |editor-last=Hornblower |editor-first=Simon |encyclopedia= The Oxford Classical Dictionary |title= Demetrias | url= https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199545568.001.0001/acref-9780199545568-e-2087 |access-date=11 June 2020 |edition=4th |year=2012 |publisher= Oxford University Press |isbn= 9780191735257 |doi=10.1093/acref/9780199545568.001.0001|url-access=subscription }}</ref> [[Iolcus]], or Iolkos, was known in mythology as the homeland of the hero [[Jason]], who boarded the ship [[Argo]] accompanied by the [[Argonauts]] and sailed in quest of the [[Golden Fleece]] to [[Colchis]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Hunter |first=R. |editor-last=Hornblower |editor-first=Simon |encyclopedia= The Oxford Classical Dictionary |title= Jason | url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199545568.001.0001/acref-9780199545568-e-3483 |access-date=11 June 2020 |edition=4th |year=2012 |publisher= Oxford University Press |isbn= 9780191735257 |doi=10.1093/acref/9780199545568.001.0001|url-access=subscription }}</ref> To the west of Volos lie the [[Neolithic]] settlements of [[Dimini]], with a ruined [[acropolis]], walls, and two beehive tombs dating to between 4000 and 1200 BC, and [[Sesklo]], with the remains of the oldest acropolis in Greece (6000 BC). The mound of Kastro/Palaia in western Volos is the site of a [[Bronze Age]] settlement, including a [[Mycenaean Greece|Mycenaean]] palace complex where a couple of preserved [[Linear B]] tablets have been found.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Dickinson |first=Oliver T. P. K. |editor-last=Hornblower |editor-first=Simon |encyclopedia= The Oxford Classical Dictionary |title= Iolcus (mod. Volos) |chapter=Iolcus | url= https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199545568.001.0001/acref-9780199545568-e-3313 |access-date=11 June 2020 |edition=4th |year=2012 |publisher= Oxford University Press |isbn= 9780191735257 |doi=10.1093/acref/9780199545568.001.0001|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1= Asderaki-Tzoumerkioti |first1=E. |last2= Rehren |first2=Th. |last3= Skafida |first3=E. |last4= Vaxevanopoulos |first4=M. |last5= Connolly |first5=P. J. |display-authors=3 |date=2017 |title= Kastro Palaia settlement, Volos, Greece: a diachronical technological approach to bronze metalwork |journal= STAR: Science & Technology of Archaeological Research |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages= 179–193 |doi=10.1080/20548923.2018.1427182 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2017STAR....3..179A }}</ref>

===Byzantine era===
{{Further|Byzantine Greece}}
Iolcus is still attested in the early Byzantine period but was eclipsed for most of the [[Middle Ages]] by Demetrias.<ref name="TIB165">{{Tabula Imperii Byzantini | volume = 1 | page = 165}}</ref> The [[Slavs|Slavic]] tribe of the [[Belegezites]] settled in the area during the 7th century.<ref name="TIB56">{{Tabula Imperii Byzantini | volume = 1 | page = 56}}</ref>

Volos first appears again in 1333, as one of the cities captured by the Byzantine general [[John Monomachos]] in Thessaly, under the name "Golos" (Γόλος).<ref name="TIB165"/> The name is of Slavic origin, from ''golo'', ''golъ'', "barren".<ref name="Hatzidakis">{{cite journal | last = Hatzidakis | first = G. N. | title = Γόλος–Βόλος | journal = Ἐπετηρίς Ἐταιρείας Βυζαντινῶν Σπουδῶν | volume = 7 | year = 1930 | pages = 231–233 | language = el | hdl = 11615/19950 }}</ref><ref name="Vasmer">{{cite book | last = Vasmer | first = Max | author-link = Max Vasmer | title = Die Slawen in Griechenland | publisher = Verlag der Akademie der Wissenschaften | location = Berlin | year = 1941 | pages=108–109 | url = http://macedonia.kroraina.com/en/mv/mv_3_5.htm#d3 }}</ref>  Another theory derives the name from Slavic ''golosh'', "seat of administration".<ref name="EI2">{{EI2 | last = Savvides | first = A. | title = Ḳuluz | volume = 12 | page = 544 | url = https://doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_8787}}</ref> Two alternative theories allude to a Greek origin through the words βολή (throw), as fishermen threw their nets into the sea from that area, and βώλος (piece of land) but the Greek scholar G. Hatzidakis considers them to be paretymologies at best.<ref name="Hatzidakis"/> The modern form of the name is first attested in 1540.<ref name="Vasmer"/>

The walls of medieval Golos follow the traces of the fortifications of ancient Iolcus, and many remnants of the ancient city have been found in the medieval citadel.<ref name="TIB166">{{Tabula Imperii Byzantini | volume = 1 | page = 166}}</ref>

Along with the rest of Thessaly, Volos fell under [[Serbian Empire|Serbian]] rule in 1348, governed by [[Gregory Preljub]].<ref>{{cite book | last=Soulis | first=George C. | year=1984 | title=The Serbs and Byzantium during the reign of Emperor Stephen Dušan (1331–1355) and his successors | publisher=[[Dumbarton Oaks]] | isbn=0-88402-137-8 | pages=108–110}}</ref> After Preljub's death Thessaly passed under the brief rule of [[Nikephoros II Orsini]], followed by the Serbian rulers [[Simeon Uroš]] and [[John Uroš]]. After the latter's death in 1373, Thessaly returned under Byzantine rule for twenty years, until its conquest by the [[Ottoman Empire]] under Sultan [[Bayezid I]].<ref>{{Tabula Imperii Byzantini | volume = 1 | pages = 75–76}}</ref>

===Ottoman era===
{{Further|Ottoman Greece}}
[[File:VolanakisVolosHarbour.jpg|thumb|240px|''The port of Volos'' by [[Konstantinos Volanakis|Constantine Volanakis]] (c.1875).]]
Ottoman rule was not yet firm. The first period of Ottoman control lasted from 1393 to 1397, followed by another {{circa|1403}}, but it was not until 1423 that Volos was definitively incorporated into the Ottoman Empire.<ref name="EI2"/> The Ottoman name of the city was {{langx|ota|قلز|Quluz}}.<ref name="EI2"/> The Ottomans strengthened the town's fortifications against a possible [[Republic of Venice|Venetian]] attack, and installed not only a garrison, but also Muslim settlers from [[Anatolia]].<ref name="EI2"/> The local Christian population in turn moved to the slopes of Pelion.<ref name="EI2"/> From this time on, Volos became the chief settlement on the Pagasetic Gulf.<ref name="TIB166"/>

The city began to spread outside its walls in the late 16th/early 17th centuries, coinciding with a growth in commerce, helped by the city's famed twice-weekly local fair and the first works at the waterfront harbour.<ref name="EI2"/> The fortress was captured by the Venetians under [[Francesco Morosini]] in 1665, during the [[Cretan War (1645–1669)|Cretan War]], but recovered and refortified by the Ottomans.<ref name="EI2"/>

In May 1821, at the beginning of the [[Greek Revolution]], the Greek rebels of Mount Pelion tried to capture the fortress but failed.<ref name="EI2"/> On 8 April 1827, the Greek fleet, under the command of the British [[philhellene]] [[Frank Abney Hastings]], captured five Ottoman ships in the city's harbour and forced the local garrison to evacuate the fortress.<ref name="EI2"/> The provisional government of Greece claimed Volos as part of Greek national territory, but the [[Treaty of Constantinople (1832)]], which established a Greek independent state, set its northern boundary along a line running south from [[Arta, Greece|Arta]] to Volos.<ref>{{cite book| first=John | last= Comstock| title= History of the Greek Revolution| url=https://archive.org/details/historyofgreekre00coms | location= New York |year= 1829|page=[https://archive.org/details/historyofgreekre00coms/page/n14 5]|publisher=W. W. Reed & co.}}</ref> Volos was [[Convention of Constantinople (1881)|incorporated into]] the Greek Kingdom in November 1881 with the rest of Thessaly.<ref name="EI2"/>

===Modern Volos===
[[File:Fotografi av Volos - Hallwylska museet - 103096.tif|thumb|center|1000px|Photo of 1896]]

After its incorporation into the [[Greek Kingdom]], the town had a population of only 4,900, but grew rapidly in the next four decades as merchants, businessmen, craftsmen and sailors gravitated toward it from the surrounding area. In the 1920s a large influx of refugees to the settlement took place, especially from [[Ionia]], but also from [[Pontus (region)|Pontus]], [[Cappadocia]] and Eastern [[Thrace]]. In 1882, [[Andreas Syngros]] established the [[Privileged Bank of Epirothessaly]], which the [[National Bank of Greece]] acquired in 1899 after its founder's death. Volos was occupied by Ottomans on 8 May 1897, during the [[Greco-Turkish War (1897)|Greco Turkish War]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Cathy Gere|title=Knossos and the Prophets of Modernism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ib1J04aDFB8C&pg=PA99|year=2010|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-28955-7|page=99}}</ref>

The city had a vibrant Jewish community in the early 20th century: from ≈500 in 1896, it rose to ≈2,000 in 1930, before falling drastically to 882 members in 1940, because of emigration to the great cities of Thessaloniki and [[Athens]] or abroad. During the [[Axis occupation of Greece]], the prompt actions of the local chief rabbi, [[Moshe Pessach]], and the Greek authorities saved about 700 of the local Jewish community from deportation to the Nazi death camps.<ref name="Enc">{{cite encyclopedia | encyclopedia = The Encyclopedia of Jewish Life Before and During the Holocaust, Volume 3: Seredina-Buda–Z | editor1=Shmuel Spector|editor2=Geoffrey Wigoder | publisher=New York University Press | location = New York| year = 2001 | isbn = 9780814793787 | title = Volos | pages = 1411–1412 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=tumlOiOZvSUC&pg=PA1411}}</ref>

After an aerial attack by Italian troops in November 1940 and another by the Germans in 1941, many of the city's inhabitants took refuge in the villages of [[Pelion]]. Abandoning Volos after Italy's capitulation in September 1943, the Italians left storerooms full of food, arms and ammunition. Large quantities of this material was transported with the [[Pelion railway]] to the mountain village [[Milies]] and under the supervision of [[Greek People's Liberation Army|ELAS]] loaded onto [[mule]]s and taken to secure hideaways. When the Germans set off a column to Milies an officer and a soldier were killed by resistance fighters. In reprisal nearly the whole village was burnt down by German occupation troops on 4 October 1943. According to the official report of the municipality the Germans executed 25 men, and three inhabitants died in their houses from the flames.<ref>Helen F. Stamati: Milies: A Village on Mount Pelion, Athens 1989, p. 54–59.</ref>

Volos is also well known for its assortment of mezedes and a clear alcoholic beverage known as ''[[tsipouro]]''.

A street in a sister city, [[Rostov-on-Don]], bears the name ''Улица Греческого Города Волос'' (Street of the Greek City of Volos), weaving through a mix of early 20th-century buildings with characteristic inner yards, tiered balconies and open iron stairs that lend the old Rostov its characteristic Mediterranean look.

In September 2023 the city of Volos was flooded by massive rain.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-europe-66721381 |title=Greece: Skiathos and Volos hit by flash floods |website=bbc.com  |date= |access-date=2023-09-06 |quote=The coastal port city of Volos has seen the same mount of water falling in 24 hours that it usually gets for the whole of autumn - according to local experts.}}</ref>