Editing Vulcano (section)

==Geology==
{{Infobox mountain
| name = Vulcano
| photo =
| photo_caption =
| elevation_m = 501
| elevation_ref =
| prominence_m = 501
| prominence_ref =
| location = [[Aeolian Islands]], [[Italy]]
| range =
| coordinates =
| topo =
| type = [[Complex volcano|Complex]] [[stratovolcano]]es
| age =
| last_eruption = 1888 to 1890
| first_ascent =
| easiest_route =
}}
[[File:Fumarola, Vulcano, Sicilia, Italia, 2015.gif|thumb|Alternating views of fumaroles]]
Volcanic activity in the region is largely the result of [[Plate tectonics|tectonic activity]],  the northward-moving [[African Plate]] meeting the [[Eurasian Plate]].{{cn|date=February 2025}}

There are three volcanic centres on the island:
* At the southern end of the island are old [[stratovolcano]] cones, Monte Aria ({{convert|501|m|abbr=on}}), Monte Saraceno ({{convert|481|m|abbr=on}}), and Monte Luccia ({{convert|188|m|abbr=on}}), which have partially collapsed into the Il Piano [[Caldera]].{{cn|date=February 2025}}
* The most recently active centre is the Gran Cratere at the top of the Fossa cone, the cone having grown in the Lentia Caldera in the middle of the island, and has had at least nine major eruptions in the last 6,000 years.{{cn|date=February 2025}}
* At the north of the island is the islet, Vulcanello ({{convert|123|m|abbr=on}}), connected to Vulcano by an isthmus that may be flooded in bad weather. It emerged from the sea during an eruption in 183 BCE, as a separate islet. Occasional eruptions from its three cones with both pyroclastic flow deposits and lavas occurred from then until 1550, with the last eruption creating a narrow isthmus connecting it to Vulcano.{{cn|date=February 2025}}
Vulcano has been quiet since the eruption of the Fossa cone on 2 August 1888 to 22 March 1890,<ref name=tondo/> which deposited about {{convert|5|m|abbr=on}} of [[Pyroclastic rock|pyroclastic]] material on the summit. The style of eruption seen on the Fossa cone is called a [[Vulcanian eruption]], being the explosive emission of pyroclastic fragments of viscous [[magma]]s caused by the high viscosity preventing gases from escaping easily. This eruption of Vulcano was carefully documented at the time by [[Giuseppe Mercalli]]. Mercalli described the eruptions as "...explosions sounding like a cannon at irregular intervals..." As a result, vulcanian eruptions are based on his description. A typical vulcanian eruption can hurl blocks of solid material several hundreds of metres from the vent. Mercalli reported that blocks from the 1888–1890 eruption fell into the sea between Vulcano and neighboring [[Lipari]], and several that had fallen on the island of Vulcano were photographed by him or his assistants.{{cn|date=February 2025}}

Volcanic gas emissions from this volcano are measured by a multicomponent gas analyzer system, which detects degassing of rising magmas before an eruption, improving [[prediction of volcanic activity]].<ref>{{cite journal|title=Chemical mapping of a fumarolic field: La Fossa Crater, Vulcano Island (Aeolian Islands, Italy) |doi=10.1029/2005GL023207 |bibcode=2005GeoRL..3213309A |volume=32 |issue= 13|pages=L13309 |journal=Geophysical Research Letters|last1 = Aiuppa|first1 = A.|last2= Federico|first2= C.|last3= Giudice|first3= G.|last4= Gurrieri|first4= S.|year=2005 |doi-access= }}</ref>

A survey on local groundwater from 1995 to 1997 found temperatures of 49–75&nbsp;°C, [[sodium sulfate]] [[chloride|-chloride]] chemical composition, and near neutral [[pH]] in the water wells closest to the slopes of the volcanic cone. This is mainly due to condensation onto the slopes of the volcanic cone and water-rock interaction buffering.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Boschetti|first1=Tiziano|last2=Cortecci|first2=Gianni|last3=Bolognesi|first3=Luca|date=2003|title=Chemical and isotopic compositions of the shallow groundwater system of Vulcano Island, Aeolian Archipelago, Italy: an update|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232180563|journal=GeoActa|volume=2|pages=1–34}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Cortecci|first1=Gianni|last2=Dinelli|first2=Enrico|last3=Bolognesi|first3=Luca|last4=Boschetti|first4=Tiziano|last5=Ferrara|first5=Giorgio|date=2001|title=Chemical and isotopic compositions of water and dissolved sulfate from shallow wells on Vulcano Island, Aeolian Archipelago, Italy|journal=Geothermics|volume=30|issue=1|pages=69–91|doi=10.1016/s0375-6505(00)00037-7}}</ref>
[[File:Isola vulcano.jpg|thumb|center|x240px|View from the island of Lipari of the northern profile of Vulcano on which the low Fossa cone is visible (center), the green islet in the foreground is Vulcanello and the isthmus connecting Vulcanello to Vulcano is barely visible]]