Editing Weaving (section)

==Archaeology==
[[File:Women weaving in Beni Hassan tomb (Вертикальный ткацкий станок Египет).jpg|thumb|upright|Weaving in ancient Egypt]]

There are some indications that weaving was already known in the [[Paleolithic]] Era, as early as 27,000 years ago. An indistinct textile impression has been found at the [[Dolní Věstonice (archaeology)|Dolní Věstonice]] site.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.donsmaps.com/dolnivi.html |title=Dolni Vestonice and Pavlov sites |publisher=Donsmaps.com |access-date=26 April 2016}}</ref> According to the find, the weavers of the Upper Palaeolithic were manufacturing a variety of cordage types, produced plaited basketry and sophisticated twined and plain woven cloth. The artifacts include imprints in clay and burned remnants of cloth.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/790569.stm |title=BBC News - SCI/TECH - Woven cloth dates back 27,000 years |website=news.bbc.co.uk}}</ref>

The oldest known textiles found in the Americas are remnants of six finely woven textiles and cordage found in [[Guitarrero Cave]], [[Peru]]. The weavings, made from plant fibres, are dated between 10,100 and 9080 BCE.<ref>Stacey, Kevin (13 April 2011). [http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2011-04/uocp-cdi041311.php "Carbon dating identifies South America's oldest textiles"]. ''University of Chicago Press Journals''. Retrieved 6 October 2016.</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |doi=10.1086/659336 |title=Cordage, Textiles, and the Late Pleistocene Peopling of the Andes |year=2011 |last1=Jolie |first1=Edward A. |last2=Lynch |first2=Thomas F. |last3=Geib |first3=Phil R. |last4=Adovasio |first4=J. M. |journal=Current Anthropology |volume=52 |issue=2 |pages=285–296 |s2cid=43570348 |url=https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1138&context=anthropologyfacpub|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

In 2013 a piece of cloth woven from hemp was found in burial F. 7121 at the [[Çatalhöyük]] site,<ref name="2013 Season Review">{{cite web |last=Hodder |first=Ian |title=2013 Season Review |url=http://www.catalhoyuk.com/downloads/Catal_News_2013.pdf |access-date=7 February 2014 |pages=1–2 |year=2013 |work=Çatal Newsletter |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150413171706/http://www.catalhoyuk.com/downloads/Catal_News_2013.pdf |archive-date=13 April 2015}}</ref> suggested to be from around 7000 BCE<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.academia.edu/875886 |title=Pavlov VI: an Upper Palaeolithic living unit &#124; Miriam Nývltová Fišáková |journal=Antiquity |via=Academia.edu |date=1 January 1970 |volume=83 |issue=320 |pages=282–295 |access-date=26 April 2016 |last1=Svoboda |first1=Jiří |last2=Králík |first2=Miroslav |last3=Čulíková |first3=Věra |last4=Hladilová |first4=Šárka |last5=Novák |first5=Martin |last6=Fišáková |first6=Miriam Nývltová |last7=Nývlt |first7=Daniel |last8=Zelinková |first8=Michaela |doi=10.1017/S0003598X00098434 |s2cid=56326310 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Centuries-old fabric found in Çatalhöyük |url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/centuries-old-fabric-found-in-catalhoyuk.aspx?pageID=238&nID=61883&NewsCatID=375 |access-date=7 February 2014 |newspaper=hurriyet daily news |date=3 February 2014}}</ref> Further finds come from the [[Neolithic]] civilisation preserved in the [[Prehistoric pile dwellings around the Alps|pile dwellings]] in Switzerland.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Barber |first1=E. J. W. |title=Prehistoric Textiles: The Development of Cloth in the Neolithic and Bronze Ages with Special Reference to the Aegean |date=1991 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-00224-8 |pages=97, 134 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HnSlynSfeEIC&pg=PA97 |access-date=30 August 2019 |language=en}}</ref>

Another extant fragment from the Neolithic was found in [[Fayum]], at a site dated to about 5000 BCE.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ucl.ac.uk/museums-static/digitalegypt/textil/wovenlinen.htm |title=Woven linen |publisher=University College London |date=2003 |access-date=19 March 2015}}</ref> This fragment is woven at about 12 threads by 9 threads per centimetre in a plain weave. [[Flax]] was the predominant fibre in Egypt at this time (3600 BCE) and had continued popularity in the [[Nile|Nile Valley]], though [[wool]] became the primary fibre used in other cultures around 2000 BCE.<ref>Catherine Breniquet,Cécile Michel. Wool Economy in the Ancient Near East and the Aegean. Wool Economy in the Ancient Near East and the Aegean: From the Beginnings of Sheep Husbandry to Institutional Textile Industry, 17, Oxbow Books, pp.1-11, 2014, Ancient Textiles Series, 9781782976318. https://shs.hal.science/halshs-01226052/document</ref>

The oldest-known weavings in North America come from the [[Windover Archaeological Site]] in [[Florida]]. Dating from 4900 to 6500 BCE and made from plant fibres, the Windover [[hunter-gatherer]]s produced "finely crafted" twined and [[plain weave]] textiles.<ref>Spike, Tamara (July 2003). [http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=7863 "Review of Doran, Glen H., ed. ''Windover: Multidisciplinary Investigations of an Early Archaic Florida Cemetery''"]. ''H-Net Reviews''. H. Florida. Retrieved 7 October 2016.</ref><ref>Tyson, Peter (6 February 2006). [http://pbs.org/wgbh/nova/ancient/americas-bog-people.html "America's Bog People"]. NOVA. Retrieved 7 October 2016.</ref>  Eighty-seven pieces of fabric were found associated with 37 burials. Researchers have identified seven different weaves in the fabric.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Adovasio |first1=J. M. |last2=Andrews |first2=R. L. |last3=Hyland |first3=D. C. |last4=Illingworth |first4=J. S. |date=2001 |title=Perishable Industries from the Windover Bog: An Unexpected Window into the Florida Archaic |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.2190/BX11-VDQY-LG5N-P94F |journal=North American Archaeologist |language=en |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=1–90 |doi=10.2190/BX11-VDQY-LG5N-P94F |s2cid=163978636 |issn=0197-6931|url-access=subscription }}</ref> One kind of fabric had 26 strands per inch (10 strands per centimetre). There were also weaves using two-strand and three-strand [[weft]]s. A round bag made from [[twine]] was found, as well as [[matting]]. The [[yarn]] was probably made from palm leaves. [[Sabal palmetto|Cabbage palm]], [[saw palmetto]] and [[Sabal etonia|scrub palmetto]] are all common in the area, and would have been so 8,000 years ago.<ref>{{cite book |last=Brown |first=Robin C. |title=Florida's First People: 12,000 Years of Human History |year=1994 |publisher=Pineapple Press |location=Sarasota, Florida |isbn=1-56164-032-8 |page=23}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Milanich |first=Jerald T. |title=Archaeology of Precolumbian Florida |year=1994 |publisher=University Press of Florida |location=Gainesville, Florida |isbn=0-8130-1273-2 |pages=74–75}}</ref>

<!-- Enslaved women worked as weavers during the [[Sumer|Sumerian Era]]. (4000BCE).   Another Ancient Egyptian item, known as the Badari dish, depicts a textile workshop. -->
<!-- put as note: This item, catalogue number UC9547, is now housed at the [[Petrie Museum]] and dates to about 3600 BCE{{Citation needed|date=October 2011}}
put as note: They washed wool fibres in hot water and [[wood-ash soap]] and then dried them. Next, they beat out the dirt and [[carding|carded]] the wool. The wool was then graded, [[Bleach (chemical)|bleached]], and spun into a thread. The spinners pulled out fibres and twisted them together. This was done either by rolling fibres between palms or using a hooked stick. The thread was then placed on a wooden or bone [[spindle (textiles)|spindle]] and rotated on a clay [[Spindle (textiles)|whorl]], which operated like a [[flywheel]].
where they worked in three-woman teams on the [[loom]]s. The finished cloth was then taken to a [[fulling|fuller]].{{Citation needed|date=October 2011}}-->
Evidence of weaving as a commercial household industry in the historical region of [[Macedonia (Greece)|Macedonia]] has been found at the [[Olynthus]] site. When the city was destroyed by [[Philip II of Macedon|Philip II]] in 348 BCE, artifacts were preserved in the houses. Loomweights were found in many houses, enough to produce cloth to meet the needs of the household, but some of the houses contained more loomweights, enough for commercial production, and one of the houses was adjacent to the ''[[agora]]'' and contained three shops where many coins were found. It is probable that such homes were engaged in commercial textile manufacture.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ault |first1=Bradley A. |title=Ancient Greek Houses and Households: Chronological, Regional, and Social Diversity |date=2011 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |isbn=978-0-8122-0443-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L5ZwvxYuBAkC}}</ref>