Editing Western Apache people (section)

==Western Apache bands and tribes==

===White Mountain Apache===
The White Mountain Apache or ''Dził Łigai Si’án Ndéé'' "People of the White Mountains" ({{langx|es|Sierra Blanca Apache'}}), are centered in [[Fort Apache Indian Reservation]]. It is the most eastern band of the Western Apache group. The White Mountain Apache are a federally recognized tribe. Their traditional area ranged from the [[White Mountains (Arizona)|White Mountains]] near present-day [[Snowflake, Arizona]], the [[Little Colorado River]] in the north over the [[Gila Mountains (Graham County)|Gila Mountains]] south to the [[Pinaleno Mountains]] near [[Safford, Arizona|Safford (Ichʼįʼ Nahiłtį́į́))]] and parts of [[Chihuahua (state)|Chihuahua]] and [[Sonora|Sonora, Mexico]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Historia de la lengua y cultura n'dee/n'nee/ndé |url=https://contigoenladistancia.cultura.gob.mx/detalle/conversatorio-historia-de-la-lengua-y-cultura-n-dee-n-nee-nde-hacia-el-registro-en-el-catalogo-de-las-lenguas-indigenas-nacionales-clin-}}</ref> They lived near waterways, which they used for their crops, such as along the East Fork and North Fork of the [[White River (Arizona)|White River]], Willow Creek, [[Black River (Arizona)|Black River]] and the [[Gila River]].<ref name="Greenville1" />{{rp|12}} <ref>Ian W. Record: ''Big Sycamore Stands Alone: The Western Apaches, Aravaipa, and the Struggle for Place'', p. 56, {{ISBN|978-0-8061-3972-2}}, 2008, University of Oklahoma Press</ref>
* Western White Mountain band (''Łį́nabaahé'', ''Łį́nabaahá'' – “Many Go to War People”, literally, “they scout with horses,” often called ''Coyoteros'' or ''Coyotero Apaches'')
* Eastern White Mountain band (''Dziłghą́ʼé'' or ''Dziłghą’á'' – “On Top of Mountains People”)
** Dził Nchaa Si’án (“Big Seated Mountain People”, i.e. “People of [[Mount Graham]]”)<ref name="Yavapai and Nde Apache">[http://www.desertusa.com/mb3/viewtopic.php?f=27&t=2743&start=40 Yavapai and Nde Apache]</ref>
** Today it includes the Tséé hachíídn or Cháchíídn (“Red Rock Strata People”, a group of chief Pedro's Carrizo band of the Cibecue Apaches, who were not forced to move to San Carlos in 1875.<ref>[http://www.fortapachearizona.org/history Fort Apache History]</ref>

===Cibecue Apache===
(Spanish derivation of the [[Endonym|autonym]] of the Apache living in the Cibecue Creek Valley and [[Salt River Canyon]] known to them as ''Dishchíí Bikoh'', ''Dishchíí Bikoh,'' or ''Dishchííkoh'' – “Horizontally Red Canyon” or “Red Ridge Valley”, therefore the Apache living there were called ''Dishchíí Bikoh N’déé'', ''Dishchíídn''  – “Horizonally Red Canyon People” – sometimes shortened to “People of the Red Canyon” or “Red Canyon People”, possibly of Navajo/Zuni ancestry, ranged north of the [[Salt River (Arizona)|Salt River]] to well above the [[Mogollon Rim]] between Cherry Creek in the west to Cedar Creek in the east – sometimes they were found even further west on [[Tonto Creek]], in the [[Sierra Ancha]] and the [[Mazatzal Mountains]] considered to be Southern Tonto Apache land), today all part of the federally recognized tribe of the White Mountain Apache of the Fort Apache Reservation
* Canyon Creek band (''Gołkizhn'' – “Spotted on Top People” or “Marked on The Ground People”, likely refers to a mountain that is spotted with junipers, lived along [[Canyon Creek (Arizona)|Canyon Creek]], a tributary of the [[Salt River (Arizona)|Salt River]] in the [[Mogollon Rim]] area, western band of the Cibecue Apache with five local groups)<ref name=Palmer>{{cite book | author=Palmer, Jessica Dawn |title=The Apache Peoples: A History of All Bands and Tribes Through the 1880s
| location=Jefferson, North Carolina| publisher=McFarland & Company | year=2013 | isbn=978-0-7864-4551-6}}</ref>
* Carrizo band (''Tł’ohk’aa hagain'', ''Tł’ohk’aa digaidn Bikoh N’déé'' – “White Arrowgrass Goes Up People” or “Canyon of the Row of White Canes People”, lived along Carrizo Creek, a tributary of the [[Salt River (Arizona)|Salt River]], eastern band of the Cibecue Apache with four local groups)<ref name=Palmer />
* Cibecue band (''Dziłt’aadn'', ''Ts’iłt’aadn,'' or ''Dziłtaadn'' – “Base of Mountain People/Foot of the Mountain People”, lived along Cibecue Creek, a tributary of the [[Salt River (Arizona)|Salt River]], middle or central band of the Cibecue Apache with four local groups)<ref name=Palmer />

===San Carlos Apache of the San Carlos Reservation===
(''Tsék’āādn'' – “Metate Stone People”, lived on both sides of the San Pedro River and in the foothills of the [[Santa Catalina Mountains]] near [[Tucson, Arizona|Tucson]]), a federally recognized tribe composed of the San Carlos Apache proper and several groups of the Cibecue Apache (excluding the ''Tsēē Hachīīdn'' (“Red Rock Strata People”) clan of the Carrizo band), some Tonto Apache, Lipan as well Chiricahua Apache peoples.
* Apache Peaks band (''Nadah doo Golniihé'' – “Spoiled Mescal People”, “Tasteless Mescal People”, also called ''Bích’iltł’éhé Nṉēē'' – “Fled to the Mountains People”, lived northeast of Globe between the Salt River and the [[Apache Peaks]] as far east as ''Íshįįhyú'' (“Salt”) on the Salt River, between Cibicue Creek mouth and Canyon Creek mouths)
* San Carlos band (''Tsandee Dotʼán'' – ‘It is Placed Alone beside the Fire People’, often simply called ''Tsék’āādn'' – “Metate People”, or San Carlos proper, also called ''T’iiszhaazhé Bikoh'' – “Small Cottonwood Canyon People”, lived and farmed along the [[San Carlos River (United States)|San Carlos River]], a tributary of the Gila River)
* Pinaleño/Pinal band (Spanish ‘Pinery People’, ''T’iis Sibaan'', ''T’iisibaan,'' or ''T’iisebán'' – “Edge of Cottonwood People”, “Cottonwoods in Gray Wedge Shape People”, named after the trees at the mouth of the San Pedro River and their farms along Pinal Creek called ''T’iisébaa'', lived from the [[Mescal Mountains]] (''Nadahchoh Das’án'' – “Big Mescal Sitting There”) in the west to the northern edge of the Apache Peaks in the east, northward across the Salt River and in the north and eastern parts of the [[Pinaleno Mountains]] (''Pinal Mountains'', in Apache: ''Dził Ndilchí’ Biyílé'' – “pine-burdened mountain”, in Yavapai: ''Walkame'' – “pine mountains”)<ref>[http://www.windspiritcommunity.org/pinal_mountains.htm The Pinal Mountains]</ref> southeast toward the Gila River, together with their allies, the ''Hwaalkamvepaya/Walkamepa Band'' ("Pine Mountains People") of [[Yavapai people|Guwevkabaya-Yavapai]] and their Arivaipa kin they hunted and camped in the [[Dripping Springs Mountains]] to the southwest, lived generally north of the Arivaipa band)
** first Pinaleño/Pinal Apache local group or Hwaalkamvepaya/Walkamepa Guwevkabaya-Yavapai clan  ("actual" or "real" Walkamepa clan) lived as bilingual group in the southern and western Pinal Mountains, also known in English as "Pinaleño/Pinal Apache Band" of the San Carlos Apache (in Apache: T’iisibaan or T’iisebán).
** second Pinaleño/Pinal Apache local group or Ilihasitumapa Guwevkabaya-Yavapai clan ("wood-sticking-out-of-middle-of-water People") (lived as bilingual group in the northern Pinaleno Mountains, therefore also known in English as "Pinaleño/Pinal Apache Band" of the San Carlos Apache.)
* Arivaipa/Aravaipa band ([[Pima people|Pima]]: ‘cowards, ‘women’, called by the Apaches ''Tsēē ch’éheshjiné, Tséch’isjiné'', ''Tséjiné,'' or ''Tsézhiné'' – “Dark Rocks People” or “Black Rocks People”, after a well known spot of black rocks around Bassett Peak (''Dził Naz’aayú'' – “Mountain That Sits Here and There”) of the [[Galiuro Mountains]], their range encompassed the [[Aravaipa Creek|Aravaipa Creek Valley]], the Galiuro Mountains,  the [[Santa Teresa Mountains]], [[Santa Catalina Mountains]] und [[Rincon Mountains]] (''Itah Gos’án'' – “Sits Close Together”) and the southern edge of the Pinaleno Mountains,<ref>[http://interstice.us/apachestelltheirstory/resources.htm The Apaches of the Aravaipa Canyon]</ref> together with their ''Hwaalkamvepaya/Walkamepa Band'' ("Pine Mountains People") of [[Yavapai people|Guwevkabaya-Yavapai]] allies and their Pinaleño/Pinal kin they hunted and camped in the [[Dripping Springs Mountains]] to the northwest)
** ''Tsézhiné'' or ''Tséjiné'' – “Dark Rocks People” or “Black Rocks People”, Aravaipa proper, because they outnumbered the ''Tsēē Bénast’i’é'' “Wrapped Around the Rocks People” their name was used for all Aravaipa.
** Tsēē Bénast’i’é – “Wrapped Around the Rocks People” or “Surrounded by Rocks People”
** ''Dziłdlaazhé'' or ''Ch’ishdlaazhé'' (“Mount Turnbull Apache”) or further Hwaalkamvepaya/Walkamepa Guwevkabaya-Yavapai clan (Yavapai name not known) (lived as bilingual group in the [[Santa Teresa Mountains]] including [[Mount Turnbull (Arizona)|Mount Turnbull]], in English most widely known as “Aravaipa Apache clan” of the San Carlos Apache.)<ref name="Yavapai and Nde Apache"/>

===Tonto Apache===
(autonym: ''Dilzhę́`é'' lived from the [[San Francisco Peaks]], [[East Verde River]] and [[Oak Creek Canyon]] along the [[Verde River]] into the [[Mazatzal Mountains]] and to the [[Salt River (Arizona)|Salt River]] in the SW and the [[Tonto Basin]] in the SE, extending eastward toward the [[Little Colorado River]]. They were the most westerly group of the Western Apache.

The [[Chiricahua]] called them ''Ben-et-dine'' – ‘wild’, ‘crazy’; neighboring Western Apache called them ''Koun`nde'' – ‘Those who you don’t understand’, ‘wild rough People’. The Spanish adapted the latter term, referring to the people as ''Tonto'' –meaning 'loose', 'foolish' in Spanish. The ''Dine'' called the Tonto Apache and neighboring Yavapai ''Dilzhʼíʼ dinéʼiʼ'' – ‘People with high-pitched voices’, distinguishing them by language.
* ''Northern Tonto'' or ''Tonto'', inhabited the upper reaches of the Verde River and ranged north toward the [[San Francisco Mountains]] north of Flagstaff. Because they shared hunting and gathering grounds with Wi:pukba/Wipukepaya bands of the Yavapai, they formed [[bilingual]] mixed-tribal bands with common headmen. Both the band/local group or its headman usually were given two names: one was Apache (Southern Athabascan) and the other Yavapai (Upland Yuman).
** Bald Mountain band (a bilingual, mixed Apache-Yavapai band known in Apache as: ''Dahszíné Dahsdáyé Iṉéé'' – ‘Porcupine Sitting Above People’, and in Yavapai: ''Wiipukepaya'', meaning ′Oak Creek Canyon People′. In English they were often known as the "Bald Mountain band" (with focus on the Apache) or as "Oak Creek Canyon band" (with focus on the Yavapai). They lived mainly around Bald Mountain or Squaw Peak, on the west side of the Verde Valley, southwest of Camp Verde. They lived entirely by hunting and gathering plant foods.
** Oak Creek band (a bilingual mixed Apache-Yavapai band with two names: in Apache: ''Tséé Hichíí Nṉéé'' – ‘Horizontal Red Rock People’ and in Yavapai: ''Wiipukepaya'' local group – ′Oak Creek Canyon People′; in English often known as "Oak Creek band" (Apache) or as "Oak Creek Canyon band" (Yavapai). Lived near today's Sedona, along Oak Creek, Dry Beaver Creek, Wet Beaver Creek and southward to the west side of the Verde River between Altnan and West Clear Creek, eastward to Stoneman's and Mary's Lakes, and northward to Roger's Lake and Flagstaff.
** Fossil Creek band (a bilingual mixed Apache-Yavapai band with two names: in Apache: ''Tú Dotłʼizh Nṉéé'' – ‘Blue Water People,i.e. Fossil Creek People’ and in Yavapai: ''Matkitwawipa band'' – ′People of the Upper Verde River Valley (in Yavapai: Matkʼamvaha)′). Lived along and had a few tiny farms on Fossil Creek, Clear Creek and a site on the Verde River below the mouth of Deer Creek, they hunted and gathered west of the Verde River, northwest to the Oak Creek band territory and northeast to Apache Maid Mountain.
** Mormon Lake band (in Apache: ''Dotłʼizhi HaʼitʼInṉéé'' – ‘Turquoise Road Coming Up People’) Lived east of [[Mormon Lake]] near the head of Anderson's Canyon and ranged up to the southern foot of the San Francisco Mountains, at Elden Mountain near Flagstaff, around Mormon, Mary's, Stoneman's and Hay Lakes, and at Anderson and Padre Canyons. Because they were exposed to the hostile Navajo on the north and east, they depended entirely on hunting and gathering wild plant foods for sustenance. ''Only the Mormon Lake band was composed entirely of Tonto Apache''.
* ''Southern Tonto'' or ''Dilzhę́’é'' (lived in the Tonto Basin from the Salt River in south northward along and over the East Verde River, including the [[Sierra Ancha]] (''Dził Nteel'' – "Wide Flat Mountain"), [[Bradshaw Mountains]] and Mazatzal Mountains – like the Northern Tonto Apache with the ''Wi:pukba/Wipukepaya'' – they formed with the ''Guwevkabaya/Kwevkepaya'' bands of Yavapai bilingual mixed-tribal bands with common headmen.)
** Mazatzal band (a bilingual mixed Apache-Yavapai band with two names and broken up in two local groups of the "Tséé Nołtłʼizhń Band" (‘Rocks in a Line of Greenness People’) of Southern Tonto Apache and the "Wiikchasapaya/Wikedjasapa Band" (′People of the McDowell Mountains (in Yavapai: Wi:kajasa)′) of Guwevkabaya/Kwevkepaya Yavapai). Lived mainly in the eastern slopes of Mazatzal Mountains and eastwards on both sides of [[Tonto Creek]] down where [[Theodore Roosevelt Lake]] now is.
*** Tséé Nołtłʼizhń (Apache name) or Hakayopa clan (Cottonwood People, Yavapai name);<ref>the ''Guwevkabaya/Kwevkepaya'' were the only Yavapai who had clans, the clans were probably taken over through contact with their Southern Tonto and San Carlos Apache neighbors and kin</ref> in English simply known as "Mazatzal band" (Apache). Claimed the area around the community Sunflower Valley, the Mazatzal Mountains south of its highest peak, Mazatzal Peak (2.409 m), and to the east in the area around the former Fort Camp Reno in the western Tonto Basin (also called Pleasant Valley).
*** Tsé Nołtłʼizhń (Apache name) or Hichapulvapa clan (‘bunch-of-wood-sticking-up People‘, Yavapai name); in English simply known as "Mazatzal band" (Apache). They claimed the Mazatzal Mountains southward from East Verde River and westward from North Peak to Mazatzal Peak.
** Dilzhę́ʼé semi-band (a bilingual mixed Apache-Yavapai group with two names: in Apache: ''Dilzhę́’é or Dilzę́`é'' – ‘People with high-pitched voices’ and in Yavapai: ''Matkawatapa'' clan (‚red-strata-country People, i.e. Sierra Ancha People‘). The ''Dilzhę́ʼé semi-band'' are the first and most important semi-band under which name the five remaining semi-bands were known, those Dilzhę́ʼé of Sierra Ancha formed with members of the Walkamepa band a bilingual unit).
*** second semi-band (lived along [[Tonto Creek]] and Rye Creek in the [[Gisela, Arizona|Gisela]] area, south of the third/Payson semi-band and northeast of the Mazatzal band).
*** third semi-band (perhaps one of the principal Dilzhę́ʼé Apache clans – the "People of the Yellow Speckled Water", their territory encompassed the Tonto Apache Reservation, they were living in the [[Round Valley, Arizona|Round Valley]]–[[Payson, Arizona|Payson]] area known in Apache as Tégótsog ("Place of the Yellow Water" or "Place of the Yellow Land").
*** fourth semi-band (lived near the confluence of the East Verde with the Verde River, most south of the East Verde between the territories of the Guwevkabaya-Yavapai southwest and Mazatzal band south, the second/Gisela semi-band to the east, and the third/Payson semi-band to the northeast, and the fifth/Pine semi-band north).
*** fifth semi-band (lived along the [[East Verde River]] north and along Pine Creek in Strawberry and Pine valleys, a tributary of Tonto Creek, in the [[Pine, Arizona|Pine]] area).<ref>[https://repository.asu.edu/attachments/161332/content/V3_The_Rye_Creek_Project_Archaeology_in_the.pdf The Rye Creek Projekt Archeology in the Upper Tonto Basin]</ref>
*** sixth semi-band.

===Other bands and groups===
Often groups of ''Wi:pukba (Wipukepa)'' and ''Guwevkabaya (Kwevkepaya)'' of the [[Yavapai]] lived together with the Tonto Apache (as well as bands of the San Carlos Apache) in bilingual ''rancherias'', and could not be distinguished by outsiders (Spaniards, Americans, or Mexicans) except on the basis of their [[first language]]. The Yavapai and Apache together were often referred to as ''Tonto'' or ''Tonto Apaches''. Therefore, it is not always easy to find out whether it is now exclusively dealing with Yavapai or Apache, or those mixed bands. The ''Wi:pukba (Wipukepa)'' and ''Guwevkabaya (Kwevkepaya)'' were therefore, because of their ancestral and cultural proximity to the Tonto and San Carlos Apaches, often incorrectly called ''Yavapai Apaches'' or ''Yuma Apaches''. The ''Ɖo:lkabaya (Tolkepaya)'', the southwestern group of Yavapai, and the [[Hualapai]] (also belonging to the Upland Yuma Peoples) were also referred as ''Yuma Apaches'' or ''Mohave Apaches''.<ref>Timothy Braatz: ''Surviving Conquest: A History of the Yavapai Peoples'', 2003, University of Nebraska Press, {{ISBN|978-0-8032-2242-7}}</ref>