Editing Wisconsin v. Yoder (section)

==Court's decision==
The U.S. Supreme Court ruled in favor of ''Yoder'' in its decision. Justice [[William O. Douglas]] filed a partial dissent, but voted with the court regarding Yoder's case. Justices [[Lewis F. Powell Jr.]] and [[William H. Rehnquist]] took no part in the consideration or decision of the case.

The Wisconsin Supreme Court "sustained respondents' claim that application of the compulsory school-attendance law to them violated their rights under the [[Free Exercise Clause]] of the [[First Amendment to the United States Constitution|First Amendment]], made applicable to the States by the [[Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|Fourteenth Amendment]]."<ref name="syllabus">{{cite web | title=Wisconsin v. Yoder ET AL. |work=U.S. Supreme Court Case Syllabus | url= https://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/historics/USSC_CR_0406_0205_ZS.html | access-date=2011-05-28}}</ref>

The U.S. Supreme Court held as follows:<ref name="opinion">{{cite web | title=Wisconsin v. Yoder ET AL. |work=U.S. Supreme Court Case Opinion | url= https://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/historics/USSC_CR_0406_0205_ZO.html | access-date=2011-05-28}}</ref>

# States cannot force individuals to attend school when it infringes on their First Amendment rights. In this case, the state of Wisconsin interfered with the practice of a legitimate religious belief.
# Not all beliefs rise to the demands of the religious clause of the First Amendment. There needs to be evidence of true and objective religious practices, instead of an individual making his or her standards on such matters. The Amish way of life is one of deep religious convictions that stems from the Bible. It is determined by their religion, which involves their rejection of worldly goods and their living in the Biblical simplicity. The modern compulsory secondary education is in sharp conflict with their way of life.
# With respect to the State of Wisconsin's argument that additional modern education beyond 8th grade is necessary to prepare citizens to participate effectively and productively in America's political system, the Court disagreed. It argued that the State provided no evidence showing any great benefit to having two extra years in the public schools. Furthermore, the Court contended that the Amish community was a very successful social unit in American society, a self-sufficient, law-abiding member of society, which paid all of the required taxes and rejected any type of public welfare. The Amish children, upon leaving the public school system, continued their education in the form of vocational training.
# The Court found no evidence that by leaving the Amish community without two additional years of schooling, young Amish children would become burdens on society. To the contrary, the Court argued that they had good vocational background to rely upon. It was the State's mistaken assumption that Amish children were ignorant. Compulsory education after elementary school was a recent movement that developed in the early 20th century to prevent child labor and keep children of certain ages in school. The State of Wisconsin's arguments about compelling the school attendance were therefore less substantial.
# Responding to Justice Douglas's dissent, the Court argued that the question before it was about the interests of the parents to exercise free religion, and did not relate to the child's First Amendment's rights. As such, the argument pertaining to the child's right to exercise free religion was irrelevant in this case.

Justice [[Potter Stewart]], joined by Justice [[William J. Brennan Jr.]], filed a concurring opinion stating that the "interesting and important" questions raised by Justice Douglas's dissent were moot since the Amish children shared their parents' religious objections to the school attendance.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=ARNESON|first1=RICHARD J.|last2=SHAPIRO|first2=IAN|title=Democratic Autonomy and Religious Freedom: A Critique of Wisconsin V. Yoder|date=1996|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24219558|journal=Nomos|volume=38|pages=365–411|jstor=24219558|issn=0078-0979}}</ref>

Justice [[Byron White]], joined by Justices Brennan and Stewart, filed a concurring opinion saying the case "would be a very different case" if the parents forbade their children from "attending any school at any time and from complying in any way with the educational standards set by the State"; he pointed out that the burden on the children was relatively slight since they had acquired "the basic tools of literacy to survive in modern society" and had attended eight grades of school.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ball|first=Howard|url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.18574/9780814723012-051/html|title=Case Study: Wisconsin v Yoder, 1972|date=2002-08-01|publisher=New York University Press|isbn=978-0-8147-2301-2|language=en|doi=10.18574/9780814723012-051|doi-broken-date=November 1, 2024}}</ref>